Table 1.

Damage-associated molecular patterns involved in immunogenic cell death.

DAMP	Abbreviation	Effect on Immune Cells	References
Annexin A1	ANXA1	Expressed in different cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes), ANXA1 has a role in the regulation and resolution of inflammation. It can act as a negative regulator of innate immunity, with neutrophils being its main target; it activates the migration of APCs towards the dying cells, facilitating their engulfment and processing.	[34,74]
Adenosine triphosphate	ATP	ATP acts as a strong chemoattractant and promotes not only the recruitment of immune cells but also their maturation.	[73,75]
Calreticulin	CRT	Calreticulin acts as phagocytosis inducer. Its exposure and the release of ANXA1, ATP and HMGB1 result in the attraction and maturation of DCs in the tumor microenvironment.	[36,39]
Deoxyribonucleic acid	DNA	With its accumulation in the cytoplasm, DNA can stimulate innate immune responses.	[93]
High mobility group box 1 protein	HMGB1	Acts as an essential DAMP in the DCs activation, stimulating the production of pro-inflammatory factors, strongly contributing to the immunogenicity of ICD.	[29,94]
Heat-shock protein	HSP 70 HSP 90	HSP act as eat-me signals for phagocytes. They can induce DC maturation and promote target engulfment by APC cells.	[29]
Type I interferon	IFN-I	IFN-Is acts as potent immunostimulatory proteins and have a crucial role in ICD. It can modulate the maturation, differentiation, and migration of DC cells, increase primary antibody responses, and activate B and T cells directly or indirectly.	[29,71]
Ribonucleic acid	RNA	It recruits leukocyte and M1-type macrophages.	[95]
Uric acid	UA	Crystalline UA can produce inflammatory mediators through macrophage activation and the enhancement of T cells.	[96]