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. 2022 Aug 10;14(16):3270. doi: 10.3390/nu14163270

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Metabolism of Trp by natural products and constituents via different signaling pathways: Trp is metabolized via the kynurenine pathway (95%), serotonin pathway (1%), and microbial pathway (3%). 1: anonaine, 2: anthocyanin, 3: asiaticoside, 4: astragaloside IV, 5: bacoside A, 6: carvacrol, 7: catechin, 8: chrysin, 9: curcumin, 10: ellagic acid, 11: eugenol, 12: ferulic acid, 13: ginkgolides B, 14: ginsenoside Rg5, 15: hesperidin, 16: hyperforin, 17: limonene, 18: linalool, 19: luteolin, 20: lycopene, 21: naringin, 22: oleanolic acid, 23: oleuropein, 24: omega-3 fatty acids, 25: piperine, 26: proanthocyanidins, 27: resveratrol, 28: rutin, 29: salidroside, 30: sanggenon G, 31: theanine, 32–35: tryptophan, 36: 2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-l-ascorbic acid, 37: Mimosa pudica, 38: Poria cocos, 39: Salvia officinalis, 40: Tagetes lucida, 41: Tualang honey.