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. 2022 Aug 22;21:175–193. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.08.001

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© 2022 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Fig. 3 — Osteogenic potential and regeneration in the mandible. (A) The fast turnover rate in the mandible: In-situ fluorescence of far-red fluorescent pamidronate signal (red) labeled BPs localization in the mandible. Scale bar = 50μm. (Copyright © American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, Ref [54]). (B) Schematic diagram showing the location and progression of neural crest subpopulations. The cranial neural crest developed into the craniofacial skeleton (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc, Ref [63]). (C) Placement of neural crest-derived periosteum into a mesoderm injury site resulted in an intramembranous bone formation. However, transplantation of the tibial periosteum initiated an endochondral ossification in the mandibular defect. GFP immunohistochemistry confirmed that the grafted cells were actively committed to the healing response (Copyright © 2022 The Company of Biologists, Ref [62]).