Table 3.

Applications of Hydrogel systems with seed cells, nanoparticles, and growth factors for mandibular reconstruction.

Materials/Hydrogels	Nanoparticles	Agents/Cells	Animal models	Refs.
Hyaluronic acid hydrogel	Nano-HA	BMP-2	Rat mandibular defect	[147]
Collagen/alginate hydrogel	Nano-HA	NGF	New Zealand white rabbit mandibular defect with distraction osteogenesis	[148]
Collagen sponge/hyaluronic acid hydrogel/PCL outer box	–	rhBMP-2/hBMSCs	Rabbit mandibular defect	[149]
PEG hydrogel	HA/β-TCP	rhBMP-2	Minipig alveolar defect	[150]
Chitosan and chondroitin sulfate	–	BMP-2/ADSCs	Rat Mandibular Defect	[78]
Chitosan/collagen hydrogel/Gelatin microsphere	–	rhBMP2	Rabbit mandibular defect	[151]
Alginate-fibrin microfibers	Calcium phosphate cement	hBMSCs	Rat mandibular defect	[152]
Calcium alginate hydrogels and polylactic acid (PLA)	–	hPDLCs/BMSCs	Rabbit mandibular defect	[153]
PLA/gelatin hydrogel	Cyclic RGD conjugated gold NPs	hADSCs	–	[104]
Mannuronate (SLM) alginate, high guluronate (SLG) alginate, hyaluronan derivative (HApN)	Collagen-I based recombinant peptide microspheres	BMP-2	Subcutaneously in rats	[154]
Alginate/hyaluronic acid hydrogels	–	BMP-2/hBMSCs	Miniature pig mandibular defects	[155]
Alginate/hyaluronic acid hydrogels	–	Vancomycin, BMP-2	Osteomyelitis rat model	[156]
Supramolecular hydrogel (SDF-1/BMP-2/NapFFY)	–	BMP-2, SDF-1	Rat periodontal bone defect	[157]
Gelatin	–	Fibroblast growth factor	Rat BRONJ	[158]
PEG–PLGA–PNIPAM hydrogel	Silica NPs	microRNA-222 and ASP	Rat mandibular defects	[159]
N-carboxyethyl chitosan (CEC)/hyaluronic acid-aldehyde (HA-ALD)/adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH)	Nano-HA	–	Mandibular incisors of rat	[160]
CS scaffolds	Nano-HA/PLGA microspheres	BMP-2/VEGF	Rabbit mandibular defects	[161]
Modifying HA with both methacrylate (MA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (Dopa)	–	–	Maxillofacial tissue	[162]
Hyaluronic acid hydrogel	β-tricalcium phosphate	rhBMP-2	Minipig mandibular defect	[163]