Table 2.
Medicinal (M) and veterinary (V) uses of wild and cultivated plants in the south-western part of Lithuania. The data were collected from interviews with 30 informants.
| Latin Name | Local Name | Part Used (Use Records) | Use 1 (Use Records) | Preparation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achillea millefolium L. | Kraujažolė | Leaf (1) | M, E: (1) wound | Fresh, crushed |
| Acorus calamus L. | Totorka | Rhizome (13) | M, I: (8) stomach problems | Decoction; maceration in alcohol with pepper or juniper ‘berries’; dried powder with water; fresh with honey |
| M, E: (3) hair strengthening | Decoction | |||
| M, I: (1) diarrhoea | Decoction | |||
| M, I: (1) appetite stimulation | Decoction | |||
| Leaf (1) | M, E: (1) repellent for fleas | Added in pillow and mattress stuffing | ||
| Aesculus hippocastanum L. * | Kaštonas, kaštanas | Flower (2) | M, E: (1) varicose veins | Maceration in alcohol |
| M, E: (1) joint problems | Maceration in alcohol | |||
| Seed (3) | M, E: (3) joint problems | Maceration in alcohol; decoction for bath | ||
| Agrimonia eupatoria L. | Morstytžolė | Aerial part (1) | M, I: (1) stomach problems after heavy lifting of weights | Infusion mixed with a spoon of lard or butter |
| Alchemilla vulgaris L. s.l. | Raskila | Aerial part (4) | M, I: (2) stomach problems | Infusion |
| M, I: (1) diarrhoea | Decoction | |||
| M, I: (1) inflammation, infection | Decoction | |||
| Allium cepa L. * | Cibulis | Bulb (5) | M, I: (2) otitis | Juice, one drop into ear |
| M, I: (1) cough | Fresh with milk and honey | |||
| M, E: (1) runny nose | Juice to lubricate the nose | |||
| M, E: (1) hair strengthening | Grated bulb mixed with oil | |||
| Allium sativum L. * | Česnakas | Bulb (7) | M, I: (4) as vermifuge | Fresh |
| M, E: (2) toothache | Fresh | |||
| M, E: (1) bruises | Fresh | |||
| Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. | Elksnis | Bark (2) | M, V, I: (2) diarrhoea | Decoction |
| Leaf (2) | M, E: (1) bruises | Fresh, young sticky | ||
| M, E: (1) sore legs | Fresh, young sticky | |||
| Aloe arborescens Mill. * | Alijošius | Leaf (3) | M, I: (1) otitis | Juice into ear |
| M, E: (1) wrinkles | Juice | |||
| M, I: (1) lung infection | Fresh with honey; decoction | |||
| Amaranthus caudatus L. * | Burnotas | Aerial part (1) | M, I: (1) women’s health problems | Infusion |
| Anethum graveolens L. * | Krapas | Aerial part (1) | M, I: (1) blood pressure | Infusion |
| Arctium sp. | Godas, godlapis varnalėša | Root (1) | M, I: (1) stomach problems | Fresh |
| Leaf (1) | M, E: (1) joint problems | Fresh | ||
| Inflorescence (2) | M, I: (1) cough | Decoction | ||
| M, I: (1) furuncle | Decoction | |||
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. | Meškauogė | Aerial part (2) | M, I: (2) urinary tract infections, urinary incontinence | Decoction |
| Artemisia absinthium L. | Metėlė | Aerial part, leaf (24) | M, V, I: (12) diarrhoea | Decoction; infusion |
| M, I: (5) stomach problems | Infusion; fresh leaf with salt | |||
| M, I: (4) bellyache | Decoction; infusion | |||
| M, I: (2) appetite stimulation | Infusion | |||
| M, I: (1) as vermifuge | Infusion | |||
| Artemisia cina O.Berg ** | Lisninkas | Inflorescence (1) | M, I: (1) as vermifuge | Infusion |
| Beta vulgaris L. * | Cviklis, brokas | Root (2) | M, E: (2) headache | Compress with fermented juice |
| Leaf (2) | M, E: (2) joint problems, sore legs | Fresh | ||
| Bistorta officinalis Delarbre | Vėžiukas, senšaknė | Rhizome (2) | M, I: (1) cancerM, I: (1) stomach problems after heavy lifting of weights | Maceration in alcoholMaceration in alcohol, mixed with lard or rendered lardon |
| Brassica oleracea L. * | Kopūstas | Leaf (6) | M, E: (3) bruises, swelling | Fresh |
| M, E: (1) tetter | Fermented juice | |||
| M, I: (1) stomach problems | Fresh juice | |||
| M, E: (1) headache | Fresh | |||
| Briza media L. | Blakutės | Inflorescence (2) | M, I: (2) urinary tract infection | Decoction; infusion |
| Bryonia alba L. * | Perstups | Root (1) | M, I: (1) stomach problems after heavy lifting of weights | Grated fresh and fried with rendered lardon |
| Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken * | Paleistuvė | Leave (1) | M, I: (1) cancer | Maceration in alcohol |
| Calendula officinalis L. * | Medetka | Inflorescence (7) | M, I: (2) women’s genital tract infection | Infusion |
| M, E: (2) inflammation, infection | Infusion | |||
| M, I: (1) cough | Infusion | |||
| M, I: (2) various problems, body cleansing | Decoction; infusion | |||
| Callisia fragrans (Lindl.) Woodson * | Ūsas | Leaf (1) | M, E: (1) joint problems | Maceration in alcohol |
| Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull | Viržovė | Aerial part (1) | M, E: (1) sedative | Decoction, bath |
| Cardamine pratensis L. | Miegalė, miegžolė | Aerial part (4) | M, E: (4) insomnia | Put under pillow |
| Carum carvi L. | Kimelis | Fruit (9) | M, I: (3) diarrhoea | Decoction |
| M, I: (2) induce lactation | Decoction | |||
| M, I: (2) abdominal bloating | Decoction | |||
| M, I: (1) intestine problems | Decoction | |||
| M, I: (1) blood pressure | Decoction | |||
| Centaurea cyanus L. | Vosilka | Inflorescence (8) | M, I: (4) cough | Infusion |
| M, I: (3) lung infection | Infusion | |||
| M, I: (1) sleeping problems | Infusion | |||
| Centaurium erythraea Rafn | Širdažolė | Aerial part (2) | M, I: (2) heart problems, chest pain | Infusion |
| Cetraria islandica L. | Samanos | Aerial part (1) | M, I: (1) heavy cough | Infusion |
| Chelidonium majus L. | Ugniažolė | Aerial part (2) | M, I: (1) diarrhoea | Infusion |
| M, I: (1) cancer | Infusion used in drops | |||
| Latex (3) | M, E: (1) cataract | Fresh | ||
| M, V, E: (2) warts | Fresh | |||
| Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. | Piktdagis | Inflorescence (3) | V, I: (1) stimulate cow reproduction | Fresh inflorescence without spines |
| M, I: (1) women’s health problems | Decoction | |||
| M, I: (1) furuncles | Decoction | |||
| Comarum palustre L. | Vėžiažolė | Rhizome (1) | M, E: (1) leg ulcer | Maceration in alcohol |
| Convallaria majalis L. | Kanvalijos | Flower (3) | M, I: (3) heart problems | Maceration in alcohol |
| Corylus avellane L. | Riešutas | Seed (1) | M, I: (1) organism enhancing | Fresh |
| Cota tinctoria (L.) J.Gay | Arnika | Inflorescence (1) | M, I: (1) stomach problems | Decoction |
| Crataegus spp. | Gudobelė | Flower (1) | M, I: (1) heart problems | Decoction |
| Daphne mezereum L. | Žalčialunkis | Twig (1) | M, E: (1) toothache | Fresh |
| Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Schübl. & G.Martens * | Morka | Root (1) | M, I: (1) diarrhoea | Fresh, finely grated |
| Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyl. | Smirdelka | Aerial part (1) | M, E: (1) joint problems | Decoction, bath |
| Equisetum arvense L. | Asiūklis, ąsuoklis | Aerial part (1) | M, I: (1) urinary tract | Decoction |
| Euphorbia helioscopia L. | Liktoriai, pienė, pienius | Latex (4) | M, E: (3) warts | Fresh |
| M, E: (1) splinter | Fresh | |||
| Euphrasia sp. | Akišveitė | Aerial part (1) | M, E: (1) eye problems | Infusion |
| Fragaria vesca L. | Žemuogė | Aerial part (1) | M, I: (1) cough | Infusion |
| Frangula alnus Mill. | Skirpstas | Bark (1) | M, I: (1) laxative | Decoction |
| Galium aparine L. | Limpanti žolė | Aerial part (2) | V, I: (2) stimulate cow reproduction | Infusion |
| Geum urbanum L. | Žiognagė | Aerial part (1) | M, I: (1) diarrhoea | Decoction |
| Glechoma hederacea L. | Rietena | Aerial part (1) | M, I: (1) cough | Infusion |
| Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench | Katinpėdėlė, šiaudinė | Inflorescence (2) | M, I: (1) liver problems, jaundice | Infusion |
| M, I: (1) cough | Infusion | |||
| Hyssopus officinalis L. * | Ysopas | Aerial part (1) | M, I: (1) abortifacient | Decoction |
| Humulus lupulus L. | Apynys | Fruit (6) | M, I: (2) insomnia | Decoction; pillow stuffing |
| M, E: (2) hair strengthening | Decoction | |||
| M, I: (2) cough | Infusion | |||
| Hypericum perforatum L. | Jonžolė | Aerial part (7) | M, I: (3) panacea | Decoction; infusion |
| M, I: (2) bowels problems | Infusion | |||
| M, I: (2) nerves | Infusion; maceration in alcohol | |||
| Inula helenium L. * | Debesils | Root (5) | M, I: (1) stomach problems after heavy lifting of weights | Decoction |
| M, I: (2) bowel problems | Decoction | |||
| M, I: (1) urinary tract problems | Decoction | |||
| M, I: (1) body strengthening | Decoction | |||
| Juniperus communis L. | Kadugys | Root (1) | M, I: (1) cough | Maceration in alcohol |
| Berry-like cone (1) | M, I: (1) stomach problems | Maceration in alcohol | ||
| Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult. | Vyriškoji moteržolė | Aerial part (1) | M, I: (1) women’s health problems | Infusion |
| Lamium album L. | Nedilginanti dilgėlė, gudmoterė | Aerial part (3) | M, I: (2) women’s health problems, vaginal candidiasis | Decoction; infusion |
| M, I: (1) anaemia | Infusion | |||
| Leonurus cardiaca L. | Sukatžolė | Aerial part (1) | M, I: (1) sedative | Infusion |
| Linum usitatissimum L. * | Linas | Seed (11) | M, E: (5) foreign object in the eye | Linseed is placed in the eye and removed after some time |
| V, I: (3) bloat in cattle | Decoction | |||
| M, E: (1) toothache | Hot porridge, application on the cheek | |||
| M, E: (2) furuncle, fester | Porridge in milk or water | |||
| Lysimachia nummularia L. | Gurgulžolė | Aerial part (2) | M, I: (2) stomach problems after heavy lifting of weights, bellyache | Infusion |
| Matricaria chamomilla L. | Remunėlė, ramunėlė, ramunaitės | Inflorescence (34) | M, I: (8) diarrhoea | Decoction |
| M, I: (3) stomach problems, bellyache | Decoction | |||
| M, E: (6) eye problems, infection | Decoction | |||
| M, I: (6) constipation | Infusion | |||
| M, E: (4) wound | Decoction; infusion | |||
| M, I: (3) sore throat | Decoction; infusion | |||
| M, I: (3) fever | Infusion | |||
| M, I: (1) cough | Infusion | |||
| Mentha sp. * | Mėta, šaltmėtė | Aerial part (6) | M, I: (2) sedative | Infusion |
| M, I: (1) improving digestion | Infusion | |||
| M, I: (1) colds | Infusion | |||
| M, I: (1) cough | Infusion | |||
| M, I: (1) kidneys problems | Infusion | |||
| Menyanthes trifoliata L. | Puplaiškis | Leaf (9) | M, I: (4) stomach problems, | Decoction; infusion |
| M, I: (2) diarrhoea | Decoction | |||
| M, I: (2) appetite stimulation | Infusion | |||
| M, I: (1) improving digestion | Infusion | |||
| Root (1) | M, I: (1) stomach problems | Macerated in alcohol | ||
| Paeonia sp. * | Bijūnas | White flower (1) | M, I: (1) vaginal candidiasis | Infusion |
| Red flower (1) | M, I: (1) amenorrhea | Infusion | ||
| Petasites hybridus (L.) G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb. | Šaukštis | Leaf (1) | M, E: (1) toe web space fungal infection | Fresh |
| Peucedanum palustre (L.) Moench | Trūkžolė | Leaf (1) | M, I: (1) stomach problems after heavy lifting of weights | Fresh with butter |
| Root (1) | M, I: (1) stomach problems after heavy lifting of weights | Macerated in alcohol | ||
| Pinus sylvestris L. | Pušis | Bud (3) | M, I: (2) lung problems | Decoction |
| M, E: (1) joint problems | Decoction, bath | |||
| Piper nigrum L. ** | Pipiras | Seed (2) | I: (2) diarrhoea | Mixed in water |
| Plantago major L. | Traukžolė, trauklapis, raugžolė, rauglapis, rasakila | Leaf (15) | M, E: (10) wounds, bruises, swelling | Fresh |
| M, I: (3) stomach problems | Decoction; infusion | |||
| M, E: (2) felon | Fresh; salo covered with fresh leaf | |||
| Inflorescence with seeds, seed (2) | M, I: (2) stomach problems | Decoction | ||
| Whole plant with root (2) | M, I: (1) diarrhoea | Decoction | ||
| M, E: (1) joint pain | Macerated in alcohol | |||
| Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. | Pakalnutė | Rhizome (3) | M, E: (3) freckles | Fresh juice |
| Polygonum aviculare L. | Takažolė | Aerial part (6) | M, I: (3) urinary tract stones | Infusion |
| M, I: (2) stomach problems also after heavy lifting of weights | Decoction | |||
| M, I: (1) bladder problems | Infusion | |||
| Potentilla anserina L. | Sidabražolė | Aerial part (1) | M, I: (1) strengthening potency | Decoction |
| Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch. | Vėžašaknis, degsnis, vėžiukas, | Rhizome (7) | M, I: (5) cancer | Maceration in alcohol |
| M, I: (2) stomach problems | Decoction; maceration in alcohol | |||
| Prunella vulgaris L. | Juodgalvėlė | Aerial part (7) | M, E: (2) helping baby sleep peacefully | Incense of dry herb |
| M, I: (2) helping baby sleep peacefully | Infusion | |||
| M, E: (1) children‘s startle | Incense of dry herb | |||
| M, I: (1) fright of snake | Infusion | |||
| M, I: (1) cough | Infusion | |||
| Quercus robur L. | Ąžuolas | Bark (5) | M/V, I: (5) diarrhoea | Decoction |
| Ranunculus repens L. | Karpažolė | Aerial part (1) | M, E: (1) warts | Fresh, smashed |
| Rheum rhabarbarum L. * | Barbaras, rabarbaras | Petiole (1) | M, I: (1) appetite stimulation | Kompot |
| Rubus idaeus L. | Avietė | Stem, aerial part (12) | M, I: (5) fever | Decoction |
| M, I: (5) cough | Decoction | |||
| M, I: (2) sore throat, hoarseness | Decoction | |||
| Rumex crispus L. | Arkliarūgštė | Root (1) | M, E: (1) warts | Fresh mixed with sour cream |
| Ruta graveolens L. * | Rūta | Leaf (11) | M, I: (7) bellyache | Fresh with/without salt; fresh, cooked with omelette |
| M, I: (1) hearth problems | Fresh | |||
| M, I: (1) nerves | Infusion | |||
| M, E: (1) hair strengthening | Decoction | |||
| M, I: (1) abortifacient | Decoction | |||
| Sanguisorba officinalis L. | Kraujažolė, šakutės | Aerial part (3) | M, I: (2) diarrhoea, dysentery | Decoction |
| M, I: (1) poisoning | Infusion | |||
| Scrophularia nodosa L. | Bervidis | Aerial part (1) | M, E: (1) radiculitis | Infusion |
| Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke | Pūsliukės, pūslelė | Aerial part (7) | M, I: (2) bladder inflammation | Decoction; infusion |
| M, I: (1) incontinence | Infusion | |||
| M/V, I: (2) urinary retention | Infusion | |||
| M, I: (1) heavy menstruation | Decoction | |||
| M, I: (1) vaginal candidiasis | Decoction | |||
| Solanum dulcamara L. | Virbinyčia, saldymedis | Stem (2) | M, I: (1) cough | Fresh, to chew |
| M, I: (1) sore throat | Fresh, to chew | |||
| Solanum tuberosum L. * | Bulvė | Tuber (10) | M, I: (2) cough | Boiled unpeeled for inhalation of steam |
| M, E: (2) sore throat | Boiled unpeeled, warming compress | |||
| M, E: (2) eye inflammation | Fresh grated | |||
| M, E: (1) bruises, burns | Fresh grated | |||
| M, E: (2) bladder inflammation | Sit on pot with hot boiled unpeeled potatoes | |||
| M, I: (1) stomach problems | Fresh grated, diluted | |||
| Sprout (1) | M, E: (1) warts | Boiled, smashed | ||
| Sorbus aucuparia L. | Šermukšnis | Fruit (2) | M, I: (2) constipation | Fresh or dried |
| Symphytum officinale L. | Taukžolė, kaulažolė, juodšaknė, kiaulpienė, trūkžolė | Root (9) | M, E: (2) joint problems | Fresh grated and mixed with lard |
| M, I: (1) bowels inflammation | Fresh or dried | |||
| M, I: (1) low gastric acidity | Fresh or dried | |||
| M, I: (1) stomach problems after heavy lifting of weights | Cut into slices and cooked with omelette | |||
| M, I: (1) children’s body strengthening | Dried | |||
| M, I: (1) nerves | Decoction | |||
| V, I: (2) appetite stimulation | Fresh | |||
| Syringa vulgaris L. * | Alyva | White flower (1) | M, I: (1) vaginal candidiasis | Infusion |
| Tanacetum balsamita L. * | Moteržolė | Leaf (5) | M, I: (3) diarrhoea, nausea | Fresh, cooked with omelette |
| M, I: (1) women’s problems | Infusion | |||
| V, E: (1) to lure honeybees | Fresh, rub entrance of empty hive | |||
| Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.Bip. * | Moteržolė | Leaf (1) | M, I: (1) bowels problems | Fresh, cooked with omelette |
| Tanacetum vulgare L. | Bitkrėslė | Inflorescence (4) | M, I: (1) cancer | Decoction |
| M, I: (1) abortifacient | Infusion used for long period | |||
| V, E: (1) insect repellent | Fresh, rub into skin or fur | |||
| V: I: (1) diarrhoea | Decoction | |||
| Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wigg. | Pienė | Inflorescence (1) | M, I: (1) cough | Infusion |
| Thalictrum lucidum L. | Moteržolė, trūkžolė | Aerial part (2) | M, I: (2) stomach problems after heavy lifting of weights | Infusion |
| Leaf (3) | M, I: (3) bellyache; diarrhoea | Fresh, cooked with omelette | ||
| Thuja occidentalis L. * | Čisai, tuja | Twigs (3) | M, E: (1) unsafe intercourse | Decoction, bath |
| M, I: (1) epilepsy | Infusion | |||
| M, I: (1) toothache | Decoction | |||
| Thymus pulegioides L. | Čiobrelis, čiobriukas | Aerial part (13) | M, I: (9) cough | Decoction, infusion |
| M, I: (1) fever | Infusion | |||
| M, I: (1) body strengthening | Infusion | |||
| M, E: (1) helping baby sleep peacefully | Decoction for bath soak | |||
| M, I: (1) heart problems | Infusion | |||
| Tilia cordata Mill. | Liepa | Flower (24) | M, I: (13) fever | Decoction, infusion |
| M, I: (7) cough | Decoction, infusion | |||
| M, I: (2) influenza | Infusion | |||
| M, I: (1) bronchitis | Infusion | |||
| M, I: (1) running nose | Infusion | |||
| Bark (1) | M, E: (1) burning | Inner part of fresh peeled bark | ||
| Tropaeolum majus L. * | Žemčiūgai | Aerial part (1) | M, I: (1) cough | Infusion |
| Tussilago farfara L. | Šalpusnis | Inflorescence (10) | M, I: (7) cough | Decoction, infusion |
| M, I: (1) lung infection | Infusion | |||
| M, I: (1) asthma | Infusion | |||
| M, I: (1) sore throat | Infusion | |||
| Leaf (2) | M, E: (1) wounds | Fresh | ||
| M, E: (1) sore legs | Fresh | |||
| Urtica dioica L. | Dilgėlė | Aerial part (5) | M, E: (5) hair strengthening | Decoction |
| Root (5) | M, I: (1) lung problems, cough | Decoction | ||
| M, E: (3) hair strengthening | Decoction | |||
| M, I: (1) fever, contraindication high blood pressure | Decoction | |||
| Urtica urens L. | Mažytė dilgėlė | Aerial part (1) | M, E: (1) joint problems | Fresh, whipping |
| Vaccinium myrtillus L. | Mėlynė | Fruit, fruit with twig (13) | M, I: (7) diarrhoea | Dried fruits; decoction |
| M, I: (5) eye problems | Dried fruits; decoction | |||
| M, I: (1) trembling hands | Dried fruits; decoction | |||
| Vaccinium oxycoccos L. | Spanguolė | Fruit (2) | M, I: (1) appetite stimulation | Fresh |
| M, I: (1) bladder problems | Fresh | |||
| Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. | Bruknė | Leaf (12) | M, I: (7) bladder problems | Decoction |
| M, I: (2) urinary incontinence | Decoction | |||
| M, I: (1) typhoid fever | Decoction | |||
| M, I: (1) cough | Decoction | |||
| M, I: (1) eye problems | Decoction | |||
| Fruit (1) | M, I: (1) bladder problems | Fresh | ||
| Valeriana officinalis L. | Valerijonas, budrijolas | Root (11) | M, I: (4) nerves | Decoction |
| M, I: (4) hearth problems | Decoction | |||
| M, I: (1) sleeping problems | Decoction | |||
| M, I: (1) stomach problems | Maceration in alcohol | |||
| M, I: (1) headache | Decoction | |||
| Viburnum opulus L. | Putinas | Fruit (2) | M, I: (1) cold | Jam |
| M, I: (1) abortifacient | Decoction | |||
| Viola arvensis Murray | Našliukės | Aerial part (1) | M, I: (1) epilepsy | Infusion |
1 Methods of application: I = internally; E = externally. * Cultivated. ** Non-local origin.