Table 1.

Studies on the effects of curcumin-loaded-PLGA particles on AD.

Nanoparticle	Animal Models/Cell Culture	Clinical and Experimental Outcomes	Refs.
Curcumin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles	Male Sprague-Dawley rats	Increased the concentration and retention time of curcumin in various organs	2011 [181]
Curcumin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles	Neuroblastoma cell line and glioma cell line	Anti-amyloid effects	2011 [182]
Curcumin formulations composed of liposomes, acrylic polymer, and PLGA	Sprague-Dawley rats	Preferential concentration in hippocampus, striata, and brain stem	2011 [183]
Amyloid-binding aptamer (described as NN2), which conjugated curcumin loaded PLGA NPs	LAG cell line	Reduction in the size of protein aggregation after treating with aptamer bound curcumin nanoparticles	2012 [184]
Tet-1 peptide conjugated-curcumin -encapsulated-PLGA NPs	GI-1 glioma cells	Destroy amyloid aggregates and display antioxidative features	2012 [185]
Mitochondria-targeted curcumin-PLGA-b-PEG-triphenylphosphonium (TPP)	HeLa model cell line	Remarkable enhancement in drug management of AD	2012 [186]
Cur-encapsulated PLGA NPs	Human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells	Preventing H2O2-induced toxicity Inhibiting ROS elevation and GSH reduction, and activation of Nrf2	2012 [187]
Curcumin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles	Wistar rats	Induced endogenous Neural Stem Cells (NSC) proliferation by: increasing the expression of cell proliferation genes (reelin, Pax6, and nestin) increasing neuronal differentiation by inducing the expression of neuroligin, neurogenin, neuregulin, neuroD1, and Stat3 genes and activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway (regulator of neurogenesis) in vitro and hippocampus and subventricular zone	2013 [188]
Cur-encapsulated PLGA NPs	Human SH-SY5Y cell line	Promotes the therapeutic potential of curcumin against amyloid fibrillation and prevents toxicity	2015 [189]
Glutathione-functionalized PLGA nanoparticles loaded with curcumin	SK-N-SH cells, a human neuroblastoma cell line	- Non-acrolein toxic - higher and easier neuronal internalization - avoiding lysosomal degradation	2016 [190]
Curcumin and Aβ generation inhibitor S1 (PQVGHL peptide) encapsulated NPS to target the harmful factors in AD progress and conjugating with brain targeting peptide CRT	Male AD model (APP/PS1dE9) mice (8-month-old) and human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, mouse microglial BV2 cells and mouse brain capillary endothelial bEnd.3 cells	Significant reduction of Aβ level, ROS, inflammatory cytokines increase the activity of SOD and number of brain synapses in AD mice spatial memory and recognition improvement in transgenic AD mice	2017 [191]
G7- curcumin- PLGA NPs	Primary hippocampal cultures from rat brains (embryonic day 18)	- Attenuated inflammation, oxidative stress, amyloid plaque load significant decrease of Ab aggregates	2017 [192]
Curcumin-loaded SPNs and Curcumin-loaded DPNs	RAW 264.7 cell line	Reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines	2017 [193]
Cur loaded Selenium-PLGA nanospheres	AD mice	Improved memory deficiency of AD mice through the reduction of amyloid-β load	2018 [194]
Cur-PLGA-PEG conjugated B6 peptide	HT22 cell line and APP/PS1 Al transgenic mice	- Increasing curcumin cellular uptake - adequate blood compatibility - improving spatial training and memory ability of APP/PS1 -decreasing hippocampal b-amyloid formation and deposition and inhibiting tau hyperphosphorylation	2018 [198]
Rosmarinic acid- and curcumin-loaded polyacrylamide-cardiolipin-PLGA nanoparticles with conjugated 83-14 monoclonal antibody	SK-N-MC cells, HBMECs, and HAS cells	Increasing the permeability coefficient of curcumin across the BBB and neural membranes improving the viability of SK-N-MC cells irritated with (Aβ) deposits	2018 [199]

Abbreviations: PLGA: Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid), NMPs: Nanomicro particles, PEG:Polyethylene glycol, TPP: Triphenylphosphonium, CRT: Cyclic CRTIGPSVC peptide, BBB: Blood-brain barrier, Aβ: β-amyloid, AD: Alzheimer’s disease.