Table 3.
Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio estimates of psychosocial perinatal health indicators among immigrant childbearing women in Manitoba, Canada
| International immigrants n = 33,754 |
Social isolation (n = 29,428)c |
Relationship distress (n = 29,971)c |
Partner violence (n = 24,686)c |
Depression, mood & anxiety disorder (n = 29,256)c |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI)a | aOR (95% CI)b | OR (95% CI)a | aOR (95% CI)b | OR (95% CI)a | aOR (95% CI)b | OR (95% CI)a | aOR (95% CI)b | |
| Immigrants | ||||||||
| Primary | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
| Secondary | 1.25 (1.13, 1.37) | 0.76 (0.68, 0.85) | 0.68 (0.54, 0.86) | 0.73 (0.55, 0.97) | 0.87 (0.55, 1.36) | 0.84 (0.50, 1.43) | 0.85 (0.73, 1.00) | 0.98 (0.82, 1.18) |
| Refugees | ||||||||
| Non-refugee | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
| Refugee | 1.46 (1.32, 1.62) | 1.17 (0.99, 1.38) | 3.70 (3.09, 4.42) | 1.39 (1.02, 1.90) | 3.54 (2.37, 5.28) | 1.02 (0.52, 1.98) | 1.70 (1.46, 1.98) | 1.37 (1.11, 1.70) |
| Maternal birth region | ||||||||
| Western Europe | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
| Southeast Asia | 2.10 (1.50, 2.95) | 1.76 (1.21, 2.56) | 1.31 (0.79, 2.19) | 1.21 (0.68, 2.16) | 1.48 (0.52, 4.20) | 1.04 (0.35, 3.03) | 0.71 (0.51, 0.98) | 0.71 (0.49, 1.04) |
| South & Rest of Asia | 4.02 (2.88, 5.61) | 3.03 (2.10, 4.36) | 0.83 (0.49, 1.40) | 1.28 (0.73, 2.26) | 1.07 (0.37, 3.08) | 1.12 (0.38, 3.30) | 0.76 (0.55, 1.06) | 0.93 (0.65, 1.34) |
| Eastern Europe | 3.39 (2.38, 4.84) | 2.95 (2.01, 4.33) | 0.68 (0.36, 1.28) | 0.99 (0.50, 1.95) | 1.36 (0.41, 4.49) | 1.54 (0.44, 5.34) | 0.99 (0.69, 1.45) | 1.08 (0.72, 1.61) |
| Rest of Europe | 1.60 (1.06, 2.42) | 2.01 (1.30, 3.10) | 1.11 (0.57, 2.13) | 1.06 (0.53, 2.10) | 1.02 (0.23, 4.57) | 0.85 (0.18, 4.07) | 2.39 (1.65, 3.44) | 2.06 (1.39, 3.07) |
| East Africa | 4.37 (3.07, 6.23) | 2.45 (1.62, 3.69) | 2.67 (1.54, 4.61) | 1.12 (0.57, 2.21) | 3.18 (1.05, 9.58) | 0.86 (0.22, 3.34) | 0.77 (0.51, 1.17) | 0.62 (0.38, 1.00) |
| West Africa | 3.63 (2.50, 5.27) | 2.59 (1.71, 3.92) | 3.43 (1.93, 6.08) | 2.03 (1.02, 4.02) | 4.77 (1.50, 15.16) | 1.92 (0.54, 6.90) | 0.78 (0.48, 1.27) | 0.76 (0.45, 1.30) |
| Rest of Africa | 6.03 (4.21, 8.63) | 3.59 (2.40, 5.38) | 3.60 (2.08, 6.23) | 1.51 (0.77, 2.96) | 3.38 (1.05, 10.91) | 0.75 (0.20, 2.91) | 1.33 (0.90, 1.95) | 1.10 (0.70, 1.73) |
| North America & Oceania | 0.81 (0.50, 1.34) | 0.65 (0.38, 1.09) | 0.76 (0.37, 1.58) | 0.82 (0.38, 1.77) | 1.38 (0.34, 5.52) | 1.25 (0.32, 4.85) | 3.35 (2.32, 4.82) | 3.46 (2.33, 5.14) |
| Latin America & Caribbean | 4.03 (2.84, 5.74) | 3.21 (2.20, 4.69) | 2.57 (1.51, 4.39) | 1.48 (0.83, 2.64) | 1.44 (0.44, 4.70) | 0.63 (0.19, 2.14) | 2.43 (1.73, 3.42) | 2.14 (1.47, 3.11) |
| Duration of residence | ||||||||
| < 5 years | 7.90 (6.61, 9.45) | 9.04 (7.48, 10.94) | 0.53 (0.44, 0.65) | 0.68 (0.53, 0.87) | 0.84 (0.52, 1.36) | 1.22 (0.71, 2.10) | 0.39 (0.34, 0.45) | 0.46 (0.39, 0.53) |
| 5–9 years | 2.42 (1.99, 2.95) | 2.64 (2.15, 3.24) | 0.74 (0.59, 0.91) | 0.84 (0.66, 1.08) | 1.12 (0.67, 1.86) | 1.32 (0.75, 2.32) | 0.58 (0.50, 0.67) | 0.65 (0.56, 0.75) |
| 10 years and more | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
aOR Odds Ratios with 95% CI (Confidence Intervals) are derived from Generalized Estimating Equation models
baOR Odds Ratios with 95% CI (Confidence Intervals) are derived from Generalized Estimating Equation models, adjusted for Maternal age, lone mother, low education, neighborhood income quintile, urban residence, family size, employment & income assistance, and knowledge of official Canadian languages
Bold values = Significant association (p < 0.05)
cTotal excludes missing values for outcomes where (n=)
Frequencies missing for outcomes: (Social isolation n = 4326; Relationship distress n = 3783; Partner violence n = 9068; Depression, mood & anxiety disorder n = 4498)