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. 2022 Aug 13;10(8):1309. doi: 10.3390/vaccines10081309

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Mechanism of action and series of events following pulmonary vaccination; (A) Protective immune responses in the nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), with the pathogen-mediated reaction stemming mainly from secretory IgA antibodies produced by mucosal epithelial cells. (B) Humoral immune response in the lower respiratory tract with bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) stimulates humoral and mucosal/local immune responses. Abbreviations: DC, dendritic cell; NK, natural killer; TCR, T cell receptor; CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte. Some of the objects created using biorender.com.