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. 2022 Aug 14;14(16):3326. doi: 10.3390/nu14163326

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of the study population.

Variables Urban
N = 106		 Rural
N = 83		 p Values #
(Adjusted for Age and Sex)		 p Values #
(Adjusted for Age, Sex, and BMI)
Age, yrs old (mean, SD) 18.4 (0.7) 18.6 (0.7) 0.09
Sex, n male (%) 39 (36.8) 31 (37.3) 0.94
BMI, kg/m2 (mean, SD) 22.9 (5.0) 20.0 (3.2) <0.001
BMI grouping, n (%)
  • -

    Underweight (<18.5)

  • -

    Normoweight (18.5–22.9)

  • -

    Overweight (23–24.9)

  • -

    Obese (≥25.0)
14 (13.2)
50 (47.2)
17 (16.0)
25 (23.6)
28 (33.7)
41 (49.4)
7 (8.4)
7 (8.4)		 0.001
Waist circumference, cm (mean, SD) 78.5 (12.8) 72.1 (8.2) <0.001
Fat percentage, % (mean, SD) 28.2 (9.1) 22.8 (8.3) <0.001
FBG, mg/dL (mean, SD) 87.1 (8.2) 86.7 (7.8) 0.54
HbA1c, % (mean, SD) 5.1 (0.4) 5.1 (0.3) 0.24
Fasting insulin †, IU/mL 5.3 (4.3–6.6) 2.9 (2.2–3.8) 0.001 0.06
HOMA-IR † 1.1 (0.9–1.4) 0.6 (0.5–0.8) 0.001 0.06
Leptin †, ng/mL 11.6 (9.7–13.8) 6.9 (5.3–9.1) <0.001 0.07
Adiponectin †, µg/mL 4.1 (3.7–4.5) 4.9 (4.4–5.3) 0.02 0.19
Leptin-Adiponectin (L/A) Ratio † 2.9 (2.3–3.5) 1.4 (1.1–1.9) <0.001 0.03
Dietary intake, mean (SD)
  • -

    Total calories, kcal

  • -

    Fat, gram

  • -

    Protein, gram
1444 (335)
52 (15)
50 (14)
1289 (422)
44 (16)
41 (13)
0.002
<0.001
<0.001
0.009
0.01
0.001
  • -

    Carbohydrate, gram

 193 (55) 179 (73) 0.08 0.06

† Not normally distributed continuous variables, presented as geomean (95%CI) and log transformed for analysis. # Analyzed with linear regression for continuous variables and Chi-square test for categorical variables. The p-values shown in bold represent the statistically significant differences with p<0.05. BMI: body mass index; FBG: fasting blood glucose; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance.