Fig. 16.

Mechanism of the protective effect of the chrysanthemum extract. ROS production could activate NF-кB in the nucleus and increase apoptosis of the retina through the DDR pathway. ROS production could simultaneously induce apoptosis through DDR via the mitochondrial pathways. There may be aseptic inflammation when too many apoptotic cells occur, which accelerates TNF-α secretion in the retina. The flavonoid molecular materials from the chrysanthemum extract could increase SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px production, which could have an inhibitory effect on ROS production