Table 1.
Summary of all studies
| Reference | Year | N | Study Design | Patient Population | Primary Spine Diagnosis | Spine Location | Irrigation Technique | Volume of Irrigation Fluid | Total Infection Rate | Deep Infection Rate | Superficial Infection Rate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| De Luna et al. [13] | 2017 | 50 | Prospective cohort | Adult | Scoliosis | Varied | Povidone-Iodine 0.3% | 2 L | 0% vs 12% (Post vs Pre) | N/A | N/A |
| Fei et al. [14] | 2017 | 160 | Prospective cohort | Adult | Prolapsed lumbar intervertebral discs | Lumbar | Povidone-Iodine 0.1% | 200 mL | 0% vs 20% (Iodine vs Saline, Muscle layer) | N/A | N/A |
| Cheng et al. [15] | 2005 | 417 | RCT | Adult | Varied | Varied | Povidone-Iodine 0.35% | 5 mL diluted | 0% vs 3.4% (Post vs. Pre) | 0% vs 2.9% (Post vs. Pre) | 0% vs 0.5% (Post vs. Pre) |
| Chang et al. [16] | 2006 | 435 | RCT | Adult | Lumbosacral segmental instability | Lumbosacral | Povidone-Iodine 0.35% | N/A | 0% vs 4.8% | N/A | N/A |
| Sigari et al. [17] | 2020 | 936 | RCT | Adult | Scoliosis or other degenerative disease | Varied | Povidone-Iodine 3.0% soaked for 2 min | N/A | 1.1% (Study) vs 4.5% (Control) | 0.42% (Study) vs 1.9% (Control) | 0.64% (Study) vs 2.6% (Control) |
| Savitz et al. [18] | 1998 | 50 | Retrospective cohort | Adult | N/A | N/A |
50,000 units polymyxin and 50,000 units of bacitracin |
1L saline | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Mastronardi [19] | 2005 | 1167 | Retrospective cohort | Adult | Disc herniation | Lumbar | Rifamicin | N/A | 0.63% (Study) vs 0.66% (Control) | N/A | N/A |
| Watanabe et al. [20] | 2010 | 223 | Retrospective cohort | Pediatric and Adult | Varied | Varied | Saline | N/A | 6,3% | N/A | N/A |
| Kaliaperumal [21] | 2013 | 3063 | Retrospective cohort | Adult | Microdiscectomies | Lumbar | Savlon (chlorhexdine) | N/A | 0.18% (Saline) vs 0.09% (Savlon) | N/A | N/A |
| Tomov et al. [22] | 2015 | 2425 | Retrospective cohort | Adult | Varied | Varied | Povidone-Iodine 0.3% | N/A | 1.3% vs 2.4% (Post vs Pre) | N/A | N/A |
| van Herwijnen [23] | 2016 | 118 | Retrospective cohort | Pediatric | Scoliosis | Varied | 80 mg Gentamicin diluted in saline | 1L | 26.7% (Gentamicin) vs 7.0% (PVP-I) vs 6.2% (PVP-I + Vanc) | 20.0% (Gentamicin) vs 4.2%% (PVP-I) vs 3.1% (PVP-I + Vanc) | 6.7% (Gentamicin) vs 2.8% (PVP-I) vs 3.1% (PVP-I + Vanc) |
| Yamada et al. [24] | 2018 | 1042 | Retrospective cohort | Adult | N/A | Varied | Povidone-Iodine 0.38% | 20 mL diluted in 500 mL saline | 0.7% vs 3.8% (Post vs Pre) | N/A | N/A |
| Karaarslan [25] | 2018 | 166 | Retrospective cohort | Adult | Spinal stenosis and spondylolisthesis | Lumbar | 3 mL Rifampicin diluted with 5 mL saline | 8 mL | 1.2% (Rifampicin) vs 2.5% (Saline) | N/A | N/A |
| Lemans et al. [26] | 2019 | 853 | Retrospective cohort | Adult | N/A | Varied | Povidone-Iodine 0.013% | 500 mL at 1.3 g/L | N/A | 9.7% vs 9.7% (Post vs. Pre) | 0.9% vs 5.1% (Post vs. Pre) |
| Onishi et al. [27] | 2019 | 323 | Retrospective cohort | Adult | N/A | Varied | Povidone-Iodine 1.0% pooled every 1.5 h | N/A | 1.7% (Study) vs 3.4% (Control) | 0.0% (Study) vs 2.7% (Control) | 1.7% (Study) vs 0.7% (Control) |
| Tipper et al. [28] | 2020 | 414 | Retrospective cohort | Pediatric | Scoliosis | Varied | Saline | N/A | 2,2% | N/A | N/A |
| Chen et al. [29] | 2020 | 2626 | Retrospective cohort | Adult | Spinal canal stenosis, disc herniation, spondylolisthesis, and/or degenerative scoliosis; | Thoracic/Lumbar | 3% Hydrogen Peroxide | 50 mL | 1.4% (Hydrogen Peroxide) vs 2.4% (Saline) | 0.2% (Hydrogen Peroxide) vs 1.1% (Saline) | 1.2% (Hydrogen Peroxide) vs 1.3% (Saline) |
| Carballo Cuello et al. [30] | 2021 | 278 | Retrospective cohort | Adult | N/A | Lumbar | Povidone-Iodine 0.35% | 35 ml of sterile 10% PVP-I in 1L of 0.9% saline | 6.7% (saline) vs 0.7% (PVP-I | N/A | N/A |
N Number, N/A Not applicable, RCT Randomized clinical trial