Table 3.
Lethality neutralization of N. sumatrana venoms from different geographical locales by NkMAV.
| Venom | i.v. LD50 (µg/g) | Challenge Dose | ED50 (µL) | ER50 (mg/mL) | Potency, P (mg/mL) |
Potency per Vial | Normalized Potency, n-P (mg/g) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ns-NS | 0.50 (0.40–0.62) | 5 LD50 | 50.00 | 1.15 (0.93–1.43) |
0.92 | 9.2 | 21.40 |
| Ns-PG | 0.96 (0.78–1.17) | 2.5 LD50 | 36.96 | 1.49 (1.20–1.86) |
0.90 | 9.0 | 20.94 |
| Ns-TH | 0.41 (0.36–0.47) | 5 LD50 | 43.99 | 1.07 (0.97–1.18) |
0.86 | 8.6 | 20.00 |
| Ns-SU | 0.39 (0.32–0.48) | 5 LD50 | 73.93 | 0.61 (0.49–0.76) |
0.49 | 4.9 | 11.40 |
| Naja kaouthia (Thailand) * | 0.18 (0.12–0.27) | 5 LD50 | 18.75 | 1.15 (0.77–1.73) |
0.92 | 9.2 | 20.44 |
Abbreviation: Ns-NS, N. sumatrana (Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia); Ns-PG, N. sumatrana (Penang, Malaysia); Ns-TH, N. sumatrana (Southern Thailand); Ns-SU, N. sumatrana (Sumatra, Indonesia). Note: LD50 (median lethal dose), dose of venom (µg/g) at which 50% of mice died. ED50 (median effective dose), dose of antivenom (µL) at which 50% of mice survived. ER50 (median effective ratio), ratio of venom (mg) to the volume does of antivenom (mL) at which 50% of mice survived. P (Potency), amount of venom (mg) completely neutralized per unit volume of antivenom (mL). n-P (normalized Potency), the neutralization potency of antivenom at which the amount of venom (mg) completely neutralized per unit amount of antivenom protein (g). Protein concentration of Naja kaouthia Monovalent Antivenom (NkMAV) estimated was 42.99 ± 1.02 mg/mL in this current study. Reconstituted antivenom had a volume of 10 mL per vial. * Values for N. kaouthia were adapted from Tan et al. [14,25], in which the NkMAV protein concentration was 45.0 ± 0.6 mg/g.