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. 2022 Aug 9;12(8):735. doi: 10.3390/metabo12080735

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Pregnancy and NIC alter gene expression in cecal tissue. (A) Pregnancy (PREG) alone upregulates expression of occluding and mucin 3 (muc3) and downregulates expression of sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporter 1 (smctl), the lactate transporter. (B) NIC downregulated expression of genes associated with glucagon (Gcg), glucagon-like protein type 1 receptor (Glp-1r) and tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1), the gene associated with serotonin synthesis. (C) Pregnancy upregulated the expression of 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 2 (Hsd2), the gene associated with inactivation in glucocorticoids and the free-fatty acid receptor 2 (Ffar2), the G-protein-coupled receptor for SCFAs. The expression of both genes were down-regulated by nicotine exposure. Values are mean ± SEM; Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons. * indicates p < 0.02 between virgin and pregnant groups combined; # indicates p < 0.04 between NIC vs. CON in virgin and pregnant females combined. n = 6–8 samples per group.