Table 1.
Participant characteristics.
| Continuous Variables | Total (N = 950) | Men (N = 391) | Women (N = 559) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Unit) | Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | |
| Age | (years) | 52.6 | (14.77) | 52.4 | (14.58) | 52.7 | (14.90) |
| BMI | (kg/m2) | 23.1 | (3.63) | 24.1 | (3.51) | 22.4 | (3.54) |
| HbA1c | (%) | 5.7 | (0.62) | 5.7 | (0.71) | 5.7 | (0.54) |
| Glycoalbumin | (%) | 14.6 | (1.98) | 14.4 | (2.41) | 14.7 | (1.61) |
| Blood glucose | (mg/dL) | 96.3 | (16.52) | 99.8 | (18.29) | 93.9 | (14.70) |
| Triglyceride | (mg/dL) | 98.2 | (84.33) | 125.2 | (114.54) | 79.4 | (45.43) |
| Total cholesterol | (mg/dL) | 205.4 | (34.27) | 203.0 | (34.17) | 207.0 | (34.27) |
| HDL cholesterol | (mg/dL) | 65.0 | (16.66) | 58.2 | (15.00) | 69.8 | (16.08) |
| LDL cholesterol | (mg/dL) | 116.8 | (29.79) | 117.4 | (29.34) | 116.4 | (30.11) |
| ALT | (U/L) | 20.9 | (13.75) | 26.5 | (16.52) | 17.0 | (9.69) |
| AST | (U/L) | 21.8 | (7.86) | 23.8 | (8.37) | 20.5 | (7.18) |
| γ-GTP | (U/L) | 33.2 | (40.94) | 49.1 | (56.98) | 22.1 | (16.75) |
| Creatinine | (mg/dL) | 0.7 | (0.55) | 0.9 | (0.74) | 0.6 | (0.33) |
| Urea nitrogen | (mg/dL) | 14.5 | (4.50) | 15.4 | (4.52) | 14.0 | (4.40) |
| SBP | (mmHg) | 120.8 | (16.88) | 123.5 | (16.65) | 118.9 | (16.79) |
| DBP | (mmHg) | 77.1 | (11.20) | 79.5 | (11.48) | 75.3 | (10.67) |
| RR interval | (ms) | 866.9 | (121.76) | 885.9 | (127.19) | 853.7 | (116.09) |
| CVRR | (%) | 3.4 | (1.67) | 3.4 | (1.70) | 3.4 | (1.56) |
| SDNN | (ms) | 29.3 | (14.56) | 29.8 | (15.7) | 29.0 | (13.76) |
| LF | (ms2) | 343.5 | (522.26) | 421.4 | (625.19) | 289.0 | (428.32) |
| HF | (ms2) | 252.2 | (340.90) | 246.9 | (364.04) | 256.0 | (324.03) |
| LF/HF | (Ratio) | 2.7 | (3.99) | 3.3 | (4.73) | 2.2 | (3.32) |
| HR | (bpm) | 70.1 | (10.15) | 68.7 | (10.23) | 71.1 | (9.98) |
| Categorical variables | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | No | 890 | (93.9%) | 361 | (92.3%) | 529 | (95.0%) |
| Yes | 58 | (6.1%) | 30 | (7.7%) | 28 | (5.0%) | |
| Hyperlipidemia | No | 778 | (82.2%) | 315 | (81.0%) | 463 | (83.1%) |
| Yes | 168 | (17.8%) | 74 | (19.0%) | 94 | (16.9%) | |
| High blood pressure | No | 711 | (74.9%) | 275 | (70.3%) | 436 | (78.1%) |
| Yes | 238 | (25.1%) | 116 | (29.7%) | 122 | (21.9%) | |
| Heart disease | No | 906 | (95.5%) | 366 | (93.6%) | 540 | (96.8%) |
| Yes | 43 | (4.5%) | 25 | (6.4%) | 18 | (3.2%) | |
| Gastric/Duodenal ulcer | No | 853 | (89.9%) | 342 | (87.5%) | 511 | (91.6%) |
| Yes | 96 | (10.1%) | 49 | (12.5%) | 47 | (8.4%) | |
| Antidiabetic medication use | No | 903 | (95.1%) | 367 | (93.9%) | 536 | (95.9%) |
| Yes | 47 | (4.9%) | 24 | (6.1%) | 23 | (4.1%) | |
| Antihyperlipidemic medication use | No | 846 | (89.1%) | 346 | (88.5%) | 500 | (89.4%) |
| Yes | 104 | (10.9%) | 45 | (11.5%) | 59 | (10.6%) | |
| Antihypertensive medication use | No | 728 | (76.6%) | 285 | (72.9%) | 443 | (79.2%) |
| Yes | 222 | (23.4%) | 106 | (27.1%) | 116 | (20.8%) | |
| Exercising (non-winter) | No | 732 | (77.4%) | 302 | (77.6%) | 430 | (77.2%) |
| Yes | 214 | (22.6%) | 87 | (22.4%) | 127 | (22.8%) | |
| Exercising (winter) | No | 731 | (77.7%) | 304 | (78.6%) | 427 | (77.1%) |
| Yes | 210 | (22.3%) | 83 | (21.4%) | 127 | (22.9%) | |
| Smoking | No | 596 | (63.3%) | 161 | (41.6%) | 435 | (78.4%) |
| Current | 161 | (17.1%) | 114 | (29.5%) | 47 | (8.5%) | |
| Previous | 185 | (19.6%) | 112 | (28.9%) | 73 | (13.2%) | |
| Alcohol consumption | No | 444 | (47.3%) | 111 | (28.6%) | 333 | (60.5%) |
| Current | 456 | (48.6%) | 266 | (68.6%) | 190 | (34.5%) | |
| Previous | 38 | (4.1%) | 11 | (2.8%) | 27 | (4.9%) | |
Abbreviations: γ-GTP, γ-glutamyl transferase; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; BMI, body mass index; bpm, beats per minute; CVRR, coefficient of variation of RR intervals; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HF, high-frequency component power; HR, heart rate; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; LF, low-frequency component power; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; SDNN, standard deviation of RR intervals.