Table 4.
Adjusted means (95% confidence interval), percentage difference, and p for a linear trend across quintiles of roasted food consumption.
| Roasted Food Consumption | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | PC | p | |
| n (median, g/kg of body weight) in men | 232 (1.06) | 232 (1.72) | 232 (2.15) | 232 (2.58) | 232 (3.41) | ||
| n (median, g/kg of body weight) in women | 262 (0.960) | 262 (1.70) | 261 (2.16) | 262 (2.65) | 261 (3.49) | ||
| Anthropometrics | |||||||
| Weight (kg) | 73.8 (73.1–74.4) | 75.8 (75.2–76.5) | 73.2 (72.6–73.9) | 71.0 (70.4–71.6) | 65.6 (64.9–66.2) | −11.1 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.3 (28.1–28.5) | 28.9 (28.7–29.0) | 28.2 (28.1–28.4) | 27.5 (27.3–27.6) | 25.8 (25.6–25.9) | −8.80 | <0.001 |
| MUAC (cm) | 29.2 (29.1–29.3) | 29.5 (29.4–29.6) | 28.6 (28.5–28.7) | 28.5 (28.4–28.6) | 27.2 (27.1–27.3) | −6.90 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 96.7 (96.1–97.2) | 99.3 (98.7–99.8) | 97.1 (96.5–97.6) | 95.5 (95.0–96.0) | 91.1 (90.6–91.7) | −5.80 | <0.001 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 104.1 (103.8–104.4) | 105.3 (105.0–105.6) | 103.5 (103.2–103.8) | 102.7 (102.4–103.0) | 98.9 (98.6–99.2) | −5.20 | <0.001 |
| Calf circumference (cm) | 34.4 (34.3–34.5) | 34.4 (34.4–34.5) | 34.0 (34.0–34.1) | 33.8 (33.7–33.9) | 32.3 (32.2–32.4) | −6.10 | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | |||||||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 190.8 (189.2–192.3) | 188.5 (187.0–190.0) | 188.9 (187.5–190.4) | 191.2 (189.8–192.6) | 190.6 (189.1–192.0) | −0.10 | 0.622 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 54.2 (53.6–54.8) | 52.1 (51.5–52.7) | 53.6 (53.0–54.2) | 54.8 (54.2–55.4) | 55.6 (55.0–56.2) | 2.60 | <0.001 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 114.3 (113.1–115.4) | 113.1 (112.0–114.2) | 112.6 (111.5–113.6) | 114.5 (113.5–115.5) | 113.7 (112.6–114.8) | −0.50 | 0.817 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 103.6 (102.7–104.5) | 108.9 (107.9–110.0) | 106.2 (105.3–107.1) | 103.0 (102.1–103.9) | 100.8 (99.9–101.7) | −2.70 | 0.030 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 97.1 (96.4–97.7) | 98.7 (98.1–99.3) | 98.6 (98.0–99.2) | 97.1 (96.6–97.7) | 96.7 (96.1–97.2) | −0.40 | 0.300 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.77 (5.74–5.80) | 5.84 (5.81–5.87) | 5.82 (5.79–5.85) | 5.73 (5.70–5.75) | 5.74 (5.71–5.77) | −0.50 | 0.163 |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 10.7 (10.4–11.0) | 10.4 (10.1–10.7) | 10.5 (10.2–10.8) | 9.21 (9.00–9.44) | 8.21 (7.96–8.46) | −23.3 | <0.001 |
| Blood pressure | |||||||
| Casual SBP (mmHg) | 135.0 (134.8–135.2) | 135.4 (135.2–135.6) | 136.2 (136.0–136.4) | 135.0 (134.8–135.2) | 136.4 (136.2–136.6) | −1.04 | 0.819 |
| Casual DBP (mmHg) | 79.7 (79.4–78.0) | 80.4 (80.1–80.6) | 80.1 (79.8–80.3) | 79.7 (79.4–80.0) | 80.2 (79.9–80.5) | 0.60 | 0.803 |
| Casual HR (bpm) | 70.1 (69.9–70.4) | 70.3(70.1–70.5) | 69.7 (69.5–69.9) | 70.7 (70.5–70.9) | 70.0 (69.8–70.2) | −0.10 | 0.751 |
| 24 h SBP (mmHg) | 126.8 (126.6–126.9) | 127.8 (127.6–127.9) | 127.4 (127.3–127.6) | 126.7 (126.6–126.9) | 126.9 (126.7–127.0) | 0.10 | 0.210 |
| 24 h DBP (mmHg) | 74.4 (74.2–74.6) | 74.9 (74.7–75.1) | 74.7 (74.5–74.9) | 74.0 (73.8–74.3) | 74.2 (74.0–74.4) | −0.30 | 0.138 |
| 24 h HR (bpm) | 67.9 (67.7–68.1) | 68.0 (67.7–68.2) | 67.9 (67.6–68.1) | 68.4 (68.2–68.7) | 67.8 (67.5–68.0) | −0.10 | 0.922 |
| Cardiac function biomarkers | |||||||
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 84.3 (82.1–86.5) | 81.7 (79.6–83.9) | 89.9 (87.7–92.2) | 84.4 (82.1–86.7) | 91.8 (89.4–94.3) | 8.90 | 0.191 |
| Troponin T (ng/L) | 9.20 (9.00–9.40) | 9.80 (9.60–10.0) | 9.80 (9.60–10.0) | 9.50 (9.30–9.70) | 9.80 (9.60–10.0) | 6.50 | 0.751 |
Analyses were adjusted for sex, age (continuous), educational level (primary or less, secondary, university), cigarette smoking status (former, current, never), alcohol consumption (continuous), ex-drinker status (yes, no), recreational physical activity in METS·hours/week (continuous), household physical activity in METS·hours/week (continuous), hours of television (continuous), number of chronic diseases (continuous), number of prescribed medications (continuous), energy intake in kcal/d (continuous), very-long-chain omega-3 fatty acids consumption (continuous), and fiber consumption (continuous). PDs: percentage difference calculated as [(5th quintile − 1st quintile)/1st quintile] × 100, p: p for a linear trend. BMI: body mass index, MUAC: mid-upper arm circumference, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, HR: heart rate. Analyses for HbA1c and insulin were performed in a nested subsample of 1066 participants.