Table 2:
Hierarchical Logistic Regression Models for dental examination in Wave III: Fixed and Random Effects
| Group | Model 1 Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Model 2 Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Model 3 Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Model 4 Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed Effects | ||||
| Age Group | ||||
| 16–18 years | 1.47 (1.26 – 1.73)*** | 1.48 (1.26 – 1.73)*** | 1.48 (1.26 – 1.73)*** | 1.55 (1.32 – 1.81)*** |
| 19–22 years | 1.14 (1.00 – 1.30) | 1.14 (1.00 – 1.30) | 1.13 (0.99 – 1.29) | 1.19 (1.05 – 1.36)** |
| 23–26 years | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 1.18 (1.06 – 1.33)** | 1.18 (1.06 – 1.33)** | 1.19 (1.06 – 1.33)** | 1.23 (1.10 – 1.38)*** |
| Male | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| Asian | 1.17 (0.86 – 1.58) | 1.16 (0.86 – 1.57) | 1.16 (0.86 – 1.57) | 1.10 (0.81 – 1.49) |
| Hispanic | 1.00 (0.81 – 1.23) | 1.00 (0.81 – 1.23) | 0.98 (0.79 – 1.20) | 0.93 (0.75 – 1.14) |
| African Americans | 0.78 (0.64 – 0.96)* | 0.78 (0.64 – 0.96)* | 0.77 (0.63 – 0.95)* | 0.69 (0.56 – 0.84)*** |
| Other | 0.92 (0.60 – 1.43) | 0.93 (0.60 – 1.44) | 0.93 (0.60 – 1.43) | 0.92 (0.60 – 1.42) |
| Non-Hispanic White | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| Wave I: Dental Examination | ||||
| Yes | 1.63 (1.42 – 1.87)*** | 1.63 (1.42 – 1.87)*** | 1.62 (1.41 – 1.85)*** | - |
| No | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | |
| Wave II: Dental Examination | ||||
| Yes | 1.56 (1.36 – 1.79)*** | 1.56 (1.36 – 1.80)*** | 1.56 (1.36 – 1.79)*** | - |
| No | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | |
| Wave III: Education | ||||
| Beyond college | 1.69 (1.04 – 2.74)* | 1.69 (1.04 – 2.76)* | 1.63 (1.00 – 2.66)* | 1.74 (1.08 – 2.83)* |
| College | 1.85 (1.44 – 2.38)*** | 1.85 (1.44 – 2.38)*** | 1.80 (1.40 – 2.32)*** | 1.95 (1.53 – 2.50)*** |
| High school | 1.41 (1.18 – 1.70)*** | 1.41 (1.18 – 1.70)*** | 1.40 (1.17 – 1.68)*** | 1.46 (1.22 – 1.75)*** |
| Less than high school | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| Father’s Education | ||||
| Beyond college | 1.04 (0.77 – 1.40) | 1.03 (0.76 – 1.40) | 1.01 (0.74 – 1.36) | 1.13 (0.84 – 1.52) |
| College | 1.00 (0.78 – 1.28) | 1.00 (0.78 – 1.28) | 0.98 (0.77 – 1.26) | 1.08 (0.85 – 1.38) |
| High school | 0.97 (0.79 – 1.19) | 0.97 (0.79 – 1.19) | 0.97 (0.79 – 1.19) | 1.03 (0.84 – 1.26) |
| No resident parent | 1.05 (0.85 – 1.29) | 1.05 (0.85 – 1.29) | 1.03 (0.84 – 1.27) | 1.09 (0.89 – 1.34) |
| Less than high school | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| Mother’s Education | ||||
| Beyond college | 1.29 (0.97 – 1.72) | 1.30 (0.98 – 1.72) | 1.26 (0.95 – 1.68) | 1.38 (1.04 – 1.82)* |
| College | 1.31 (1.06 – 1.64)* | 1.32 (1.06 – 1.64)* | 1.29 (1.03 – 1.60)* | 1.37 (1.11 – 1.70)** |
| High school | 1.04 (0.87 – 1.25) | 1.04 (0.87 – 1.25) | 1.03 (0.87 – 1.24) | 1.10 (0.92 – 1.31) |
| No resident parent | 1.17 (0.85 – 1.62) | 1.17 (0.85 – 1.61) | 1.15 (0.84 – 1.59) | 1.14 (0.83 – 1.57) |
| Less than high school | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| Wave I: Household Income | ||||
| $75,000 or more | 1.32 (1.06 – 1.63)* | 1.31 (1.06 – 1.63)* | 1.29 (1.04 – 1.60)* | 1.49 (1.21 – 1.85)*** |
| $50,000 to $74,999 | 1.32 (1.11 – 1.57)** | 1.32 (1.11 – 1.57)** | 1.30 (1.10 – 1.55)** | 1.47 (1.24 – 1.74)*** |
| $30,000 to $49,999 | 1.05 (0.90 – 1.22) | 1.05 (0.90 – 1.22) | 1.04 (0.89 – 1.21) | 1.12 (0.97 – 1.30) |
| Less than $29,999 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| Wave III: Household Income | ||||
| $75,000 or more | 1.46 (1.22 – 1.75)*** | 1.46 (1.21 – 1.76)*** | 1.49 (1.24 – 1.79)*** | 1.50 (1.25 – 1.81)*** |
| $50,000 to $74,999 | 1.33 (1.11 – 1.59)** | 1.33 (1.11 – 1.59)** | 1.35 (1.13 – 1.62)** | 1.33 (1.11 – 1.59)** |
| $30,000 to $49,999 | 1.02 (0.88 – 1.18) | 1.02 (0.87 – 1.18) | 1.03 (0.88 – 1.19) | 1.03 (0.89 – 1.20) |
| Less than $29,999 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| Wave III: Insurance | ||||
| Private | 2.33 (2.03 – 2.68)*** | 2.34 (2.03 – 2.68)*** | 2.32 (2.01 – 2.66)*** | 2.31 (2.01 – 2.65)*** |
| Medicaid | 1.38 (1.06 – 1.79)* | 1.37 (1.06 – 1.79)* | 1.38 (1.06 – 1.79)* | 1.35 (1.04 – 1.75)* |
| Other/Unknown | 2.12 (1.22 – 3.69)** | 2.13 (1.22 – 3.70)** | 2.11 (1.21 – 3.67)** | 1.98 (1.15 – 3.40)* |
| None | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| Region | ||||
| West | 0.74 (0.57 – 0.97)* | 0.75 (0.57 – 0.98)* | 0.72 (0.55 – 0.94)* | 0.69 (0.52 – 0.91)** |
| Midwest | 0.75 (0.59 – 0.95)* | 0.75 (0.59 – 0.95)* | 0.74 (0.58 – 0.94)* | 0.73 (0.56 – 0.94)* |
| South | 0.76 (0.60 – 0.96)* | 0.76 (0.60 – 0.97)* | 0.77 (0.61 – 0.98)* | 0.73 (0.57 – 0.93)* |
| Northeast | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| Random Effects 1 | ||||
| Wave III: Tract African Americans | 0.95 (0.75 – 1.20) | 0.95 (0.73 – 1.25) | 0.98 (0.75 – 1.29) | 1.00 (0.77 – 1.31) |
| Wave III: Tract Hispanic | 0.89 (0.74 – 1.08) | 0.90 (0.73 – 1.10) | 1.08 (0.84 – 1.39) | 1.10 (0.86 – 1.42) |
| Wave III: Tract Poverty | - | 1.10 (0.85 – 1.42) | 1.27 (0.96 – 1.68) | 1.28 (0.97 – 1.70) |
| Wave III: Tract Unemployment | - | 0.89 (0.74 – 1.06) | 0.89 (0.74 – 1.06) | 0.88 (0.74 – 1.05) |
| Wave III: Tract Low Education | - | - | 0.69 (0.51 – 0.93)* | 0.63 (0.47 – 0.86)** |
| Standard Deviation | ||||
| Wave I: School ID | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.11 |
| Wave III: Tract | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Wave III: County | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.00 |
| Wave III: State | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.17 |
Statistical significance: ‘***’ <0.001; ‘**’ <0.01; ‘*’ < 0.05
1
Random effects are quantified as the odds ratio corresponding to moving between the 5th and 95th percentiles of the predictor
Four models shown differ by which context variables are included
Model 1 – demographics (proportion of African Americans, proportion of Hispanic)
Model 2 – demographics + SES (Poverty index, unemployment rate)
Model 3 – demographics + SES + Education (proportion Age 25+ without HS)
Model 4 – demographics + SES + Education, no adjustment for adolescent dental examination.