Table 1.
Demographic and metabolic characteristics of the study population.
| Variable | MetS− n = 95 |
MetS+ n = 85 |
p Value * |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 41.4 ± 14.7 | 55.3 ± 10.5 | 0.001 |
| Gender (n, %) Female Male |
64 (67.4) 31 (32.6) |
44 (51.8) 41 (48.2) |
0.033 |
| Ethnicity (n, %) Sub- Saharan African European |
21 (22.1) 74 (77.9) |
5 (5.9) 80 (94.1) |
0.002 |
| Season (n, %) Winter/spring Summer/autumn |
63 (66.3) 32 (32.7) |
39 (45.9) 46 (54.1) |
0.006 |
| Time of data collection (n, %) 2004–2008 2013–2017 |
20 (21.1) 75 (78.9) |
49 (57.6) 36 (42.4) |
0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 Fat mass, kg |
27.2 ± 5.15 27.7 ± 11.2 |
32.9 ± 4.89 37.2 ± 10.3 |
0.001 0.001 |
| Fat-free mass, kg | 50.5 ± 10.9 | 57.4 ± 12.4 | 0.001 |
| Total MetS components (n, %) 0 1 2 3 4 5 |
9 (9.5) 38 (40.0) 48 (50.5) n.a n.a n.a |
n.a n.a n.a 44 (51.8) 31 (36.5) 10 (11.8) |
0.001 |
| WC, cm | 91.1 ± 13.6 | 106.0 ± 11.9 | 0.001 |
| FPG, mmol/L | 5.2 ± 0.49 | 6.2 ± 0.88 | 0.001 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.07 (0.51) | 2.04 (1.1127) | 0.001 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.85 (0.786) | 1.31 (0.499) | 0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg | 120 ± 13.4 | 133 ± 14.4 | 0.001 |
| DBP, mmHg | 71 ± 8.7 | 79.0 ± 8.8 | 0.001 |
| Inv_IN | 0.606 (0.187) | 0.496 (0.162) | 0.001 |
| 25OHD nmol/L | 60.6 ± 24.08 | 57.2 ± 18.57 | 0.293 |
n = 180. Data are mean ± s.d for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables. MetS− without MetS; MetS+ = with MetS; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; Inv_IN = inverse LN insulin; * Independent samples t-test for continuous variables or chi-square test for categorical variables; p < 0.05 denotes statistical significance. n.a, not applicable as MetS is defined as the presence of 3 or more metabolic derangements.