Table 2.
Maternal characteristics and perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosed in the first trimester of pregnancy (Early-GDM), and with normal glucose tolerance during pregnancy (non-GDM), according to the two-step diagnosis (18) and in women with missed and new Early-GDM according to the recommendation of Spain for Early-GDM diagnosis during the COVID-19 pandemic (4) (first trimester fasting plasma glucose (1t-FPG) ≥100 mg/dL).
| Early-GDM | Non-GDM | p-Values | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1t-FPG < 100 mg/dL |
Total | 1t-FPG ≥ 100 mg/dL | Total | Missed Early-GDM vs. Total Non-GDM |
New-Early-GDM vs. Total Early GDM |
|
| Post-COVID Missed Early-GDM |
Post-COVID- New Early GDM |
|||||
| N = 298 (79.5%) |
N = 375 | N = 58 (3.2%) |
N = 1789 | |||
| Maternal age (years) | 35.2 ± 4.7 | 35.2 ± 4.6 | 31.3 ± 6.4 | 30.1 ± 6.0 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.6 ± 6.4 | 29.4 ± 6.6 | 28.6 ± 5.6 | 25.7 ± 5.0 | <0.001 | 0.341 |
| Parity > 1, n (%) | 161 (54.0) | 212 (56.5) | 41 (70.7) | 789 (44.1) | 0.002 | 0.046 |
| Chronic Hypertension, n (%) |
29 (9.6) | 35 (9.4) | 2 (3.4) | 22 (1.2) | <0.001 | 0.184 |
| Insulin, n (%) | 144 (48.3) | 189 (50.4) | 0 | 0 | - | - |
| Perinatal outcomes | ||||||
| Preeclampsia, n (%) | 13 (4.4) | 17 (4.5) | 1 (1.7) | 27 (1.5) | 0.152 | 0.360 |
| Prematurity, n (%) | 30 (10.1) | 41 (10.9) | 5 (8.6) | 108 (6.0) | 0.114 | 0.731 |
| Caesarean section, n (%) | 90 (30.5) | 114 (30.6) | 8 (13.8) | 233 (13.0) | 0.004 | 0.113 |
| LGA, n (%) | 45 (15.1) | 62 (16.5) | 7 (12.1) | 205 (11.5) | 0.648 | 0.725 |
| SGA, n (%) | 31 (10.4) | 38 (10.1) | 8 (13.8) | 205 (11.5) | 0.899 | 0.904 |
| 1m Apgar test ≤ 7, n (%) | 33 (11.4) | 41 (11.2) | 8 (13.8) | 136 (7.6) | 0.068 | 0.553 |
| 5m Apgar test ≤ 7, n (%) | 1 (0.3) | 4 (1.1) | 1 (1.7) | 31 (1.7) | 0.217 | 0.902 |
| pH artery < 7, n (%) | 3 (1.0) | 5 (1.3) | 1 (1.7) | 28 (1.6) | 0.329 | 0.860 |
| NICU, n (%) | 40 (13.4) | 48 (12.8) | 7 (12.1) | 138 (7.7) | 0.001 | 0.889 |
| Composite adverse outcome n (%) | 145 (48.7) | 189 (50.4) | 23 (39.7) | 633 (35.4) | 0.044 | 0.595 |
Results are shown as frequency (%) or means ± SD. BMI: body mass index; GWG: gestational weight gain; LGA: large for gestational age; SGA: small for gestational age; NICU: neonatal intensive care unit admission; vs.: versus. Composite adverse outcome: preeclampsia, caesarean, LGA, Apgar < 7 at 1st or 5th min, and/or NICU admission. p-values adjusted for maternal characteristics (maternal age, BMI, parity and chronic hypertension).