Table 3.
Maternal characteristics and perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosed at 24–28 weeks of pregnancy (GM) and with normal glucose tolerance during pregnancy (Non-GDM), according to the two-step diagnosis (18), and in women with post-COVID-19 missed GDM based on the Australia (1) recommendations to rule out the diagnosis of GDM (second trimester fasting plasma glucose (2t-FPG) <84 mg/dL), and perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with missed and new GDM based on the recommendations of Australia (1) and Italy (2) for the direct GDM diagnosis during the COVID-19 pandemic (2t-FPG) ≥92 mg/dL.
| Total | GDM | p-Values | GDM | Non-GDM | p-Values | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GDM | Non-GDM | 2t-FPG < 84 mg/dL |
Missed- GDM vs. Total Non-GDM |
2t-FPG < 92 mg/dL |
2t FPG ≥ 92 mg/dL |
Missed- GDM vs. Total Non-GDM |
New-GDM vs. Total -GDM |
|
| Post-COVID Missed |
Post-COVID Missed | Post-COVID New-GDM | ||||||
| N = 709 | N = 1789 | N = 357 (50.4%) |
N = 552 (77.9%) |
N = 153 (8.6%) |
||||
| Maternalage (years) | 34.1 ± 5.0 | 30.1 ± 6.0 | 33.7 ± 5.1 | <0.001 | 34.1 ± 5.1 | 31.2 ± 5.6 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.8 ± 6.0 | 25.7 ± 5.0 | 25.3 ± 5.4 | 0.127 | 26.1 ± 5.6 | 28.5 ± 5.3 | 0.227 | 0.001 |
| Parity > 1, n (%) | 335 (47.2) | 789 (44.1) | 136 (38.1) | 0.040 | 247 (44.7) | 81 (52.9) | 0.806 | 0.212 |
| Chronic Hypertension, n (%) | 42 (6.0) | 22 (1.2) | 16 (4.6) | 0.001 | 28 (5.1) | 6 (3.9) | <0.001 | 0.421 |
| 2t-FPG (mg/dL) | 84.3 ± 10.1 | 80.2 ± 8.2 | 76.3 ± 5.1 | <0.001 | 80.2 ± 6.8 | 97.5 ± 6.1 | 0.815 | <0.001 |
| Perinatal outcomes | ||||||||
| Preeclampsia, n (%) | 30 (4.2) | 27 (1.5) | 8 (2.2) | 0.497 | 16 (2.9) | 4 (2.6) | 0.252 | 0.190 |
| Prematurity, n (%) | 61 (8.6) | 108 (6.0) | 23 (6.4) | 0.938 | 41 (7.4) | 14 (9.2) | 0.325 | 0.925 |
| Cesarean, n (%) | 169 (23.9) | 233 (13.0) | 82 (23.0) | <0.001 | 127 (23.0) | 26 (17.0) | <0.001 | 0.109 |
| LGA, n (%) | 107 (15.1) | 205 (11.5) | 46 (12.9) | 0.220 | 78 (14.1) | 27 (17.6) | 0.071 | 0.580 |
| SGA, n (%) | 75 (10.6) | 205 (11.5) | 38 (10.6) | 0.586 | 60 (10.9) | 17 (11.1) | 0.962 | 0.808 |
| 1m Apgar ≤ 7 n (%) | 52 (7.5) | 136 (7.6) | 27 (7.8) | 0.691 | 37 (6.9) | 10 (6.5) | 0.878 | 0.464 |
| 5m Apgar ≤ 7, n (%) | 10 (1.5) | 31 (1.7) | 5 (1.5) | 0.535 | 8 (1.5) | 3 (1.9) | 0.638 | 0.402 |
| pH artery < 7, n (%) | 8 (1.1) | 28 (1.6) | 4 (1.1) | 0.800 | 5 (0.9) | 3 (2.0) | 0.551 | 0.351 |
| NICU, n (%) | 59 (8.3) | 138 (7.7) | 27 (7.6) | 0.900 | 41 (7.4) | 18 (11.8) | 0.385 | 0.366 |
| Composite adverse outcome n(%) | 301 (42.5) | 633 (35.4) | 147 (41.2) | 0.077 | 227 (41.1) | 69 (45.1) | 0.038 | 0.685 |
Results are shown as frequency (%) or means ± SD. BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval; 2t-FPG: second trimester fasting plasma glucose LGA: large for gestational age; SGA: small for gestational age; NICU: neonatal intensive care unit admission; composite adverse outcome: preeclampsia, caesarean, LGA, Apgar < 7 at 1st or 5th min, and/or NICU admission. p-values adjusted for maternal characteristics (maternal age, BMI, parity and chronic hypertension).