Table 4.
Maternal characteristics and perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosed at 24–28 weeks of pregnancy (GM) and with normal glucose tolerance during pregnancy (Non-GDM), according to the two-step diagnosis (18) and in pregnant women with missed and new GDM based on the recommendations of Spain (4) for GDM diagnosis during the COVID-19 pandemic, second trimester fasting plasma glucose level (2t-FPG) ≥95 mg/dL.
| GDM | Non-GDM | p-Values | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2t-FPG < 95 mg/dL |
Total | 2t FPG ≥ 95 mg/dL |
Total | Missed-GDM vs. Total Non-GDM |
New-GDM vs. Total GDM |
|
| Post-COVID Missed-GDM | Post-COVID New-GDM |
|||||
| N = 585 (82.5%) |
N = 709 | N = 101 (5.6%) |
N = 1789 | |||
| Maternal age (years) | 34.1 ± 5.0 | 34.1 ± 5.0 | 31.6 ± 5.7 | 30.1 ± 6.0 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.2 ± 5.7 | 26.8 ± 6.0 | 28.7 ± 5.8 | 25.7 ± 5.0 | 0.078 | 0.003 |
| Parity > 1, n (%) | 266 (45.5) | 335 (47.2) | 52 (51.5) | 789 (44.1) | 0.566 | 0.457 |
| Chronic Hypertension, n (%) | 29 (5.0) | 42 (6.0) | 4 (4.0) | 22 (1.2) | <0.001 | 0.636 |
| 2t-FPG (mg/dL) | 80.9 ± 7.2 | 84.3 ± 10.1 | 99.8 ± 6.3 | 80.2 ± 8.2 | 0.092 | <0.001 |
| Perinatal outcomes | ||||||
| Preeclampsia, n (%) | 19 (3.2) | 30 (4.2) | 3 (3.0) | 27 (1.5) | 0.097 | 0.330 |
| Prematurity, n (%) | 49 (8.4) | 61 (8.6) | 10 (9.9) | 108 (6.0) | 0.067 | 0.870 |
| Caesarean section, n (%) | 136 (23.3) | 169 (23.9) | 18 (17.8) | 233 (13.0) | <0.001 | 0.184 |
| LGA, n (%) | 83 (14.2) | 107 (15.1) | 19 (18.8) | 205 (11.5) | 0.064 | 0.458 |
| SGA, n (%) | 63 (10.8) | 75 (10.6) | 11 (10.9) | 205 (11.5) | 0.847 | 0.933 |
| 1m Apgar test ≤ 7, n (%) | 38 (6.7) | 52 (7.5) | 8 (7.9) | 136 (7.6) | 0.743 | 0.812 |
| 5m Apgar test ≤ 7, n (%) | 8 (1.4) | 10 (1.5) | 2 (2.0) | 31 (1.7) | 0.531 | 0.497 |
| pH artery < 7, n (%) | 5 (0.9) | 8 (1.1) | 2 (2.0) | 28 (1.6) | 0.454 | 0.384 |
| NICU, n (%) | 47 (8.0) | 59 (8.3) | 10 (9.9) | 138 (7.7) | 0.165 | 0.895 |
| Composite adverse outcome n (%) |
242 (41.4) | 301 (42.5) | 50 (49.5) | 633 (35.4) | 0.023 | 0.298 |
Results are shown as frequency (%) or means ± SD. BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval; 2t-FPG: second trimester fasting plasma glucose; LGA: large for gestational age; SGA: small for gestational age; NICU: neonatal intensive care unit; composite adverse outcome: preeclampsia and/or caesarean, LGA, Apgar < 7 at 1st or 5th min, NICU admission. p-values adjusted for maternal characteristics (maternal age, BMI, parity and chronic hypertension).