Table 5.
Maternal characteristics and perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosed at 24–28 weeks of pregnancy (GDM) and with normal glucose tolerance during pregnancy (Non-GDM), according to the two-step diagnosis (18) and in pregnant women with missed and new GDM based on the recommendations of the European Society of Endocrinologists (3) and the United Kingdom (5) for GDM diagnosis during the COVID-19 pandemic, second trimester fasting plasma glucose level (2t-FPG) ≥100 mg/dL.
| GDM | Non-GDM | p-Values | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2t-FPG < 100 mg/dL |
Total | 2t FPG ≥ 100 mg/dL |
Total | Missed-GDM vs. Total Non-GDM |
New-GDM vs. Total GDM |
|
| Post-COVID-Missed-GDM | Post-COVID-New Late GDM | |||||
| N = 655 (92.4%) |
N = 709 | N = 42 (2.3%) |
N = 1789 | |||
| Maternal age (years) | 34.1 ± 5.0 | 34.1 ± 5.0 | 32.5 ± 4.8 | 30.1 ± 6.0 | <0.001 | 0.050 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.5 ± 5.9 | 26.8 ± 6.0 | 29.2 ± 5.6 | 25.7 ± 5.0 | 0.004 | 0.013 |
| Parity > 1, n (%) | 304 (46.4) | 335 (47.2) | 23 (54.8) | 789 (44.1) | 0.313 | 0.427 |
| Chronic Hypertension, n (%) | 38 (5.8) | 42 (6.0) | 1 (2.4) | 22 (1.2) | <0.001 | 0.500 |
| 2t-FPG (mg/dL) | 82.5 ± 8.3 | 84.3 ± 10.1 | 103.8 ± 8.2 | 80.2 ± 8.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Perinatal outcomes | ||||||
| Preeclampsia, n (%) | 26 (4.0) | 30 (4.2) | 1 (2.4) | 27 (1.5) | 0.021 | 0.402 |
| Prematurity, n (%) | 54 (8.2) | 61 (8.6) | 4 (9.5) | 108 (6.0) | 0.067 | 0.957 |
| Caesarean section, n (%) | 154 (23.5) | 169 (23.9) | 6 (14.3) | 233 (13.0) | <0.001 | 0.099 |
| LGA, n (%) | 99 (15.1) | 107 (15.1) | 10 (23.8) | 205 (11.5) | 0.028 | 0.183 |
| SGA, n (%) | 70 (10.7) | 75 (10.6) | 4 (9.5) | 205 (11.5) | 0.721 | 0.937 |
| 1m Apgar test ≤ 7, n (%) | 47 (7.4) | 52 (7.5) | 3 (7.1) | 136 (7.6) | 0.983 | 0.633 |
| 5 m Apgar test ≤ 7, n (%) | 10 (1.6) | 10 (1.5) | - | 31 (1.7) | 0.611 | 0.999 |
| pH artery < 7, n (%) | 7 (1.1) | 8 (1.1) | 1 (2.4) | 28 (1.6) | 0.334 | 0.475 |
| NICU, n (%) | 55 (8.4) | 59 (8.3) | 3 (7.1) | 138 (7.7) | 0.207 | 0.546 |
| Composite adverse outcome, n (%) | 278 (42.4) | 301 (42.5) | 21 (50.0) | 633 (35.4) | 0.020 | 0.513 |
Results are shown as frequency (%) or means ± SD. BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval; 2t-FPG: second trimester fasting plasma glucose: LGA, large for gestational age; SGA, small for gestational age; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; composite adverse outcome: preeclampsia and/or caesarean, LGA, Apgar < 7 at 1st or 5th min, NICU admission. p-values adjusted for maternal characteristics (maternal age, BMI, parity and chronic hypertension).