. 2022 Aug 22;14(16):3433. doi: 10.3390/polym14163433

Table 2.

F *	MXene	Other Polymer Nanocomposites
Biomedicine	Ta₄C₃-IONP-SP nanocomposites are one of the examples used for MRI [17]. Ti₃C₂-SP, Ta₄C₃-SP, and MnOx/Ti₃C₂-SP are used for a photoacoustic signal method with the help of stress waves received from the irradiated tissues by NIR. Ta₄C₃-IONP-SPs and Ta₄C₃-SP nanocomposites can attenuate X-rays and are used in computed tomography (CT) [17,20,21]. Ti₃C₂ +colloidal solution allows the growth of Gram (−) E. coli and Gram (+) Bacillus subtilis [67] antibacterial growth. Ti₃C₂Tz + PLA + octyltriethoxysilane (OTES) has good mechanical properties and biocompatibility help in tissue engineering [171,172]. (GOx/Au/Ti₃C₂/Nafion/GCE) an enzymatic biosensor that detects glucose [152]. Therapeutics: PLGA)/Ti₃C₂ [173] used in cancer treatment by photothermal ablation. Ti₃C₂/Al treats cancer under 808nm laser radiation [17]. V₂C nanosheets are effective photothermal agents for photothermal treatment with PA and MRI [174]. AIPH@Nb2C@mSiO₂ nanocomposites were used for thermodynamic therapy to kill cancer cells deficient in oxygen [176]. (Ti₃C₂-DOX) generate ROS in photodynamic therapy that kills cancerous cells [175]. They are also used in drug delivery. Nb₂C/polymer nanocomposites ablate tumors by photothermal processes around the near-infrared region [140]. MnOx/Ti₃C₂-SP and MnOx/Ta₄C₃-SP MXene nanocomposites are used for acidic tumors [20,145]. Ag @ Ti₃C₂ @Cu₂O nanocomposites has photo catalyst appropriate for antibacterial purposes [146].	PPy/poly(D, L-lactic acid) with conductivity 5.65 × 10⁻³ to 15.56 × 10⁻³ S/cm is nerve tissue regeneration (in vivo rat), biocompatibility (PC12 cells) and is used for synthetic nerve conduits [227]. PPy/hyaluronic acid with a conductivity of 3.08 × 10⁻³ Scm⁻¹ can support tissue growth, stimulate specific cell functions, and be used for tissue engineering and wound-healing applications [228]. PPy nanoparticles/PU with maximum conductivity of 2.3 × 10⁻⁶ Scm⁻¹. Cytocompatible with C2C12 myoblast cells, elastomeric properties tissue engineering [229]. PAni nanofibers/collagen with a conductivity of 0.27 Scm⁻¹ is well suited for culture and is used as Scaffold material for biomedical applications [230]. PPy/chitosan (10⁻³–10⁻⁷ Scm⁻¹) have radical scavenger property and is used for food packaging and biomedical applications [231]. PEDOT/glycol (1486 Scm⁻¹) and PPy/cellulose acetate (6.9 × 10⁻⁴ to 3.6 × 10¹ Scm⁻¹) used as implantable devices [232,233]. Poly (acrylic acid)/polyvinyl alcohol (0.04–0.06 S/cm) with hydrogel, biocompatible, good mechanical strength, and good swelling properties [234]. Polythiophene derivative/PU with a conductivity of 2.23 × 10⁻⁵ (S/cm) is suitable for supporting electrically stimulated cell growth tissue engineering [235]. Hollow polymeric nanosphere-supported imidazolium-based ionic liquids (HPL-ILs) show enhanced antimicrobial activities [236]. Poly (-L-glutamic acid (PGA) based nanomaterials are highly efficient for drug delivery [237]. The porous organic polymers (POPs) are highly efficient for drug delivery [238].
* Physical/Biosensors	AChE/CS/Ti₃C₂T_x biosensors detect organophosphates in water and food. AChE/CS-Ti₃C₂T_x/GCE biosensors indicated 94–105% malathion recovery [83] and detect the glucose level in diabetic patients, pollution monitoring, food processing, etc. CS/Ti₃C₂ [167] shows a fast response time (109.6 ms) with a recovery time of 110.6 ms and higher cycle stability even after 150,000 cycles. Similarly, Mo₂C, Cr₃C₂, and polymer (PAM, PVA) composites [163], Ti₃C₂T_x/PDAC [141] were good humidity sensors. MXene/Polyelectrolyte [141] and Ti₃C₂T_x/polyimide nanocomposites were used as humidity sensors for breath checking for diagnosis. MXene/PVA hydrogel flexible sensor can detect diabetes indicated by the presence of Acetone and ammonia [142].	CNT@CIP-based nanocomposites show a good sensing property at a low frequency (5, 10, and 20 Hz), showing 100% flexibility, repeatability of R² > 0.98, and gauge factor 2.2 with the fractional change in resistance of 160% and excellent repeatability even after 500 cycles [169]. Pani/BC hydrogel-type composites have a conductivity of 10⁻² (S/cm) and are applicable for biosensors and tissue engineering [88]. PEDOT: PSS/PU (aqueous dispersion) ~120 High pressure sensitivity electronic skin sensor [93]. PEDOT: PSS/PU/ionic liquid 8.8 × 10⁻⁵ (S/cm) are mechanically flexible, stretchable and actuating devices [91].
Supercapacitors	Capacity reduced 0.05%/cycle, the SC of 1200 mAhg⁻¹ over 5 h. C/DC current rate and a CRR of 80% reached over 400 cycles at 2 h. C/DC current rate [96]. Attained maximum SC of 184.36 Fg⁻¹ at 2 mVs⁻¹ with CRR of 83.33% after 4000 charging cycles at 1 Ag⁻¹ [102]. Adding 1M H₂SO₄ gives an excellent result of 1065 F cm⁻³ volumetric capacitance at 2 mV s⁻¹ [115].	rGO/Zn/PCz nanocomposites have an improved capacitance of 33.88 F/g [239]. N-doped graphene/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposites exhibited a 354 F/g at a current density of 20 A/g [240]. PANI/SWCNT has a capacitance of 485 F/g [241]. La_xSr_1−xCu_0.1Mn_0.9O_3−δ (0.3 ≤ x ≤ 1) at 2 A/g current density displayed a capacitance of 464 F/g and that at 64.5 Wh/kg 2 A/g displayed a power density of 2 kW/kg [242].
EMIS	PVB/Co2Z/Ti₃C₂ has RLmax of −46.3 dB at 5.8 GHz and below −10 dB at 1.6 GHz [224]. EMIS 25.8 dB at 12.4 GHz with 80% of d-Ti₃C₂T_x having ~739.4 S m⁻¹ conductivity [93].	The conductivity of BC/GE/PANI is 1.7 ± 0.1 S/cm [243]. MWCNT/SBR exhibited a shielding efficiency of 35.06 dB [244]. PP/PC/MWCNT shows shielding of 54.78 dB at 0.33 S/cm conductivity [245].
Conducing Fibers	Made yarn with SC of 18.39 m Fcm⁻² at 5 mV s⁻¹, 0.39 mW cm⁻² power density with 0.38 μW h cm⁻² energy density. The retention performance was 98.2% over 6000 cycles [122]. 70 wt.% MXene made the fiber have ~1489 Scm⁻¹ conductivity, 7.13 Wh cm⁻³ energy density, and 8249 mW cm⁻³ power density [116].	Carbon hollow fibers show a 287 F/g capacitance at 50 mA/g with CRR 86.4% at 1 A/g [246]. LaNiO₃ constituted nanofibers ~160 F/g capacitance at ~10 mV/s [247]. GE/PANI nanofiber 976 F/g capacitance at 0.4 A/g current density [248].
Energy Storage	The C/DCC in the first cycle is 575 with 307 mA h g⁻¹, of which 83% is maintained after 100 cycles [119]. V2O5/MXene shows SC of 768 F/g (at 1 A/g), a specific capacity of 93.3% after the 6000 GDC test, and increased current density from 1 to 5 A/g [59]	SiOx/Fe₃O₄/FLG has a CRR of 81.8% valued at 833.4 mAh/g (1550 mAh/cm³) at a current density of 0.5 A/g after 500 cycles [249]. SnO₂/rGO nanocomposites show a CRR of 318 mAh/g at a current density of 500 mA/g after 300 cycles [250].