Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants by quartiles of dietary thiamine intake *.
| Variables | Thiamine Intake by Quartiles, mg/day | p Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (<0.76) | Q2 (0.76–<0.93) | Q3 (0.93–<1.13) | Q4 (≥1.13) | ||
| N | 3044 | 3044 | 3044 | 3045 | |
| Male, No. (%) | 948 (31.1) | 1258 (41.3) | 1531 (50.3) | 1961 (64.4) | <0.001 |
| Age, years | 44.7 ± 16.0 | 41.1 ± 13.7 | 39.5 ± 13.1 | 39.5 ± 13.2 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 22.5 ± 3.3 | 22.3 ± 3.0 | 22.3 ± 3.0 | 22.4 ± 2.9 | 0.029 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 114.6 ± 11.9 | 113.0 ± 11.5 | 113.3 ± 11.3 | 114.6 ± 10.9 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 74.1 ± 8.0 | 73.8 ± 7.9 | 74.1 ± 7.8 | 74.7 ± 7.6 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity, MET-hours/week | 125.0 ± 91.6 | 144.2 ± 92.9 | 149.1 ± 91.4 | 151.9 ± 95.8 | <0.001 |
| Smoking, No. (%) | 657 (21.7) | 808 (26.6) | 980 (32.4) | 1243 (41.0) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol drinking, No. (%) | 760 (25.1) | 908 (30.2) | 1086 (36.2) | 1384 (45.9) | <0.001 |
| Urban residence, No. (%) | 1389 (45.6) | 1105 (36.3) | 1010 (33.2) | 901 (29.6) | <0.001 |
| Regions, No. (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Central | 1373 (45.1) | 1189 (39.1) | 1249 (41.0) | 1771 (58.2) | |
| North | 870 (28.6) | 655 (21.5) | 545 (17.9) | 414 (13.6) | |
| South | 801 (26.3) | 1200 (39.4) | 1250 (41.1) | 860 (28.2) | |
| Occupation, No. (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Farmer | 702 (23.3) | 1105 (36.7) | 1192 (39.6) | 1349 (44.8) | |
| Worker | 315 (10.4) | 386 (12.8) | 373 (12.4) | 383 (12.7) | |
| Retire | 1069 (35.4) | 753 (25.0) | 644 (21.4) | 571 (19.0) | |
| Other | 932 (30.9) | 764 (25.4) | 803 (26.7) | 706 (23.5) | |
| Education, No. (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Illiteracy | 640 (21.4) | 559 (18.8) | 501 (16.7) | 505 (16.9) | |
| Primary school | 499 (16.7) | 600 (20.2) | 638 (21.3) | 590 (19.8) | |
| Middle school | 859 (28.7) | 973 (32.7) | 1067 (35.6) | 1092 (36.6) | |
| High school or above | 995 (33.2) | 840 (28.3) | 793 (26.4) | 793 (26.6) | |
| Dietary intake | |||||
| Thiamine, mg/day | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
| Energy, Kcal/day | 1684.1 ± 374.9 | 2082.6 ± 330.1 | 2315.9 ± 354.1 | 2629.7 ± 468.7 | <0.001 |
| Fat, g/day | 65.0 ± 26.9 | 72.5 ± 25.7 | 78.8 ± 27.6 | 80.9 ± 34.3 | <0.001 |
| Protein, g/day | 50.7 ± 13.7 | 62.7 ± 12.6 | 70.6 ± 13.0 | 83.3 ± 18.1 | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate, g/day | 224.0 ± 70.9 | 294.8 ± 67.3 | 331.0 ± 72.9 | 392.1 ± 99.6 | <0.001 |
| Sodium, g/day | 4.8 ± 3.1 | 4.8 ± 2.8 | 5.1 ± 3.0 | 5.4 ± 3.1 | <0.001 |
| Potassium, g/day | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 2.1 ± 0.7 | <0.001 |
* The continuous variables were presented as Means ± SDs, and the categorical variables were presented as n (%).