Table 3.

Neuropsychological Outcomes Associated with Early-Life Air Pollution Exposures.

Health Outcome	Population Age	AP Exposure	Exposure Time Window	Association	References
Impaired cognitive development	0–2 years	PM2.5, PM10	Prenatal	↓ Cognition Score, ↓ Mental Developmental Index, ↓ Problem Solving Score	[151,153,155,160]
	4–7 years	NO2, PM2.5, PM10, PAH	Prenatal	↓ Global Cognition Score, ↓ IQ Score, ↓ Verbal IQ Index	[151,161,162,163]
Impaired motor development
	0–9 years	PM1, PM2.5, PM10, NO2, NOx, SO2, iron (PM2.5 constituent)	Prenatal	↓ Fine Motor Score, ↓ Global Motor Score, ↓ Psychomotor Developmental Index	[149,150,154,155,157,158,160]
Impaired behavioral development	0–2 years	PM1, PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2	Prenatal	↓ Personal-Social Score, ↓ Adaptability Score, ↓ Social-Response Score	[155,158]
	2–6 years	PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2	Prenatal	↓ Inhibition, ↓ impulsivity, ↓ emotion expression, ↑ reported behavioral problems	[150,152]
	0–3 years	NO2, SO2	Prenatal	↓ Adaptive-Behavior Score, ↓ Social-Behavior Score	[157]
	6–10 years	TRAP, black carbon	Childhood	↑ Behavioral problems	[156]
Impaired language development	0–2 years	PM2.5	Prenatal	↓ Communication Score	[155]
	2–6 years	PM2.5, PM10, NO2	Prenatal	↓ Sentence completion, ↓ Verbal Score	[150,151]
	0–2 years	PM1, PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2	Prenatal	↓ Language Score	[157,158,159]
Attention and memory deficit	2–7 years	PM2.5, NO2	Prenatal	↓ Memory Score, ↑ omission errors, ↓ Hit Reaction Time, ↓ general memory, ↓ visual memory	[151,162]
	7–11 years	TRAP	Childhood	↓ Working memory, ↓ memory span length, ↑ inattentiveness	[173,174]
Autism spectrum disorders	2–5 years	TRAP, NRAP, freeway proximity	Prenatal	↑ ASD risk	[164,165,172]
	2–10 years	PM2.5, PM10, NO2, NO, O3, CO	Prenatal	↑ ASD risk	[165,166,167,168,169,170,171]
	2–5 years	TRAP	Childhood	↑ ASD risk	[165]
	2–10 years	PM2.5, PM10, NO2	Childhood (0–2 years)	↑ ASD risk	[165,169,170]

↑: increasing, ↓: decreasing.