Table 1.

Characteristics of the studies investigating the effect of E. longifolia on serum testosterone levels in men.

Reference	Study Design	Study Population	EL Supplement	Dosage	Testosterone (ng/dL) [Mean ± SD]		p Value *
					Treatment Group	Placebo Group
Chan et al., 2021 [29]	Double-blind, controlled trial	Healthy (18–30 y) men with no diagnosis of hypogonadism (n = 16) vs. controls (n = 16)	Physta, Biotropics	600 mg/day for 2 weeks	Pre: 802 ± 160 Post: 924 ± 84	Pre: 791 ± 150 Post: 769 ± 135	N/A
Leitão et al., 2021 [28]	Double-blind RCT	Patients with ADAM, 40–59 y (n = 9) vs. controls (n = 12)	Dry extract	200 mg up to 6 months	Pre: 278.2 ± 20.5 Post: 400.3 ± 38.9	Pre: 281.5 ± 17.7 Post: 258.5 ± 33.7	p < 0.05
		Patients with ADAM, 40–59 y, with concurrent exercise (n = 9) vs. controls (n = 7)			Pre: 253 ± 20.5 Post: 374.5 ± 38.9	Pre: 286.7 ± 21.7 Post: 370.8 ± 41.3	N/A
Chinnappan et al., 2021 [26]	Double-blind, multicenter RCT	Healthy volunteers: 50–70 y (n = 35) vs. controls (n = 35)	Physta, Biotropics	100 mg/daily up to 12 weeks	Pre: 187.3 ± 46.4 Post: 203.8 ± 54.6	Pre: 183.0 ± 37.8 Post: 177.9 ± 43.7	p < 0.05
		Healthy volunteers: 50–70 y (n = 35) vs. controls (n = 35)		200 mg/daily up to 12 weeks	Pre: 200.5 ± 46.4 Post: 225.0 ± 49.8	Pre: 183.0 ± 37.8 Post: 177.9 ± 43.7	p < 0.05
Quin, 2021 [34]	Double-blind RCT	Sedentary males (18–30 y) (n = 8) vs. controls (n = 8)	N/A	600 mg for 2 weeks	Pre: 871 ± 200 Post: 968 ± 70	Pre: 863 ± 150 Post: 790 ± 150	p < 0.05
		Sedentary males (18–30 y) (n = 11) vs. controls (n = 10)		600 mg for 8 weeks	Pre: 685 ± 240 Post: not reported	Pre: 725 ± 170 Post: not reported	N/S
Lim, 2017 [33]	Double-blind RCT	Men trained at least 3 times/week, 18–30 y, BMI: 18.5–25.0 (n = 9) vs. controls (n = 11)	Physta, Biotropics	1.7 mg/kg of body weight for 3 days	Pre: 0.63 mmol/L Post: 0.86 mmol/L	Pre: 0.82 mmol/L Post: 0.59 mmol/L	p < 0.05
				1.7 mg/kg of body weight for 5 weeks	Pre: 0.63 mmol/L Post: 1.26 mmol/L	Pre: 0.67 mmol/L Post: 0.83 mmol/L	p < 0.05
Henkel et al., 2014 [30]	Pre- vs. Post-	Male cyclists (57–72 y), with or without chronic diseases associated with age (n = 13)	Physta, Biotropics	400 mg for 3 weeks	Pre: 384 ± 79 Post: 409 ± 102	N/A	N/A
				400 mg for 5 weeks	Pre: 384 ± 79 Post: 442 ± 115	N/A	N/A
Tambi et al., 2012 [27]	Pre- vs. Post-	Patients with hypogonadism and LOH (n = 76)	Physta, Biotropics	200 mg up to 1 month	Pre: 163 ± 43.5 Post: 240 ± 71.2	N/A	N/A
Ismail et al., 2012 [31]	Double-blind RCT	Healthy married men, 30–55 y, with or without stable chronic medical illnesses (n = 54) vs. controls (n = 55)	Physta, Biotropics	300 mg for 12 weeks	Pre: 476 ± 167 Post: 435 to 479	Pre: 542 ± 133 Post: 522 to 549	N/S
George et al., 2013 [32]	Double-blind RCT	Healthy men (n = 21) vs. controls (n = 19)	Physta, Biotropics	300 mg for 12 weeks	Pre: 458 ± 152.1 Post: 484 ± 165.3	Pre: 540 ± 177 Post: 542 ± 187	N/S

N/A: not available; N/S: not significant. *: p value is reported for treatment vs. placebo group.