Table 4.
Summary of PLA-derivative scaffolds.
| Material | Processing Technique | Polymer Structure | Molecular Weight (kDa) | Material Characterisation 1 | Studies 2 | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scaffolds | Freeze-drying, salt-leaching (3D scaffold) | PLGA (75L:25G) + Silk + HA(Hidroxiapatite) | 90–126 | Structure (FTIR), degradation temperature (TGA), morphology (SEM), swelling (%), water uptake (%), mechanical properties | In vitro/In vivo | [214] |
| Wet-spinning (microfilament) | P(L-co-rac-LA) (75:25) | 200 | Morphology (SEM) | In vivo | [215] | |
| Bought (kinnet filmanets) | PGA/PLA (2:1) | - | Morphology (SEM and TEM), biomechanical properties | In vitro/In vivo | [216] | |
| Bought (forged composite sheets) | PLLA-PGA (88:12) + HA | - | Morphology (SEM) | In vivo | [217] | |
| PLLA + HA | ||||||
| Bought (OSTEOTRANS MX) | PLLA + HA | - | Molecular weight, crystallinity, morphology (SEM) (after surgery) | Clinical | [218] | |
| Bought (plates) | PLLA/PGA | - | - | Clinical | [219] | |
| PLLA/HA | ||||||
| Electrospinning | PLGA (85/15) | 285 | Morphology (SEM), mechanical properties, structure (FTIR) | In vitro | [220] | |
| Electrospinning | PLGA (85/15) | 285 | Morphology (SEM), mechanical properties, structure (FTIR) | In vitro | [221] | |
| Supercritical emulsion extraction | PLGA carriers + fibrin hydrogel | 38–54 | Size, morphology (SEM) | In vitro | [222] | |
| Electrospinning | PLGA + silk | - | Morphology (SEM), mechanical properties | In vitro | [223] | |
| Knitted fibres | PLGA (10/90) | - | Mechanical properties | In vivo | [224] | |
| Micelles in an aqueous solution (hydrogel) | Four-armed PEG-(PLLA)4 | PEG10-PLLA1 | Size, morphology (TEM), nanostructure (FTIR, XRD), thermal properties (DSC), mechanical properties | In vitro | [225] | |
| Four-armed PEG-(PDLA)4 | PEG10-PDLA1 | |||||
| Four-armed PEG-(PLLA-Cho)4 | PEG10-PLLA1-Chol | |||||
| Four-armed PEG-(PDLA-Chol)4 | PEG10-PDLA1-Chol | |||||
| Hydrogel by solution | PDLA-PLLA-PEG-PLLA-PDLA | ~20 | Specific optical rotation, gel-sol transition, physical gelation, nanostructure (WAXS), microstructure (SAXS) | In vitro drug release | [164] |
1 After processing; 2 In vitro/in vivo/clinical.