Table 8.
DNA damage in livers of rats exposed to CCl4 and different doses of compounds found in N. cataria extracts.
| Group/Compounds | Conc. (mg/kg bwt) |
Comet Class | Total Score 1 | % R | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||||
| Control group | 75.59 ± 1.30 | 24.41 ± 0.52 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 24.41 ± 0.52 † | / | |
| CCl4 | 1 mL/kg | 19.09 ± 0.57 | 58.57 ± 0.44 | 17.42 ± 0.29 | 4.92 ± 0.69 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 108.17 ± 0.31 * | / |
| quinic acid | 50 | 35.90 ± 0.67 | 60.08 ± 1.03 | 4.02 ± 0.50 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 68.12 ± 0.81 *† | 47.82 |
| 100 | 46.48 ± 0.93 | 50.67 ± 0.82 | 2.85 ± 0.43 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 56.37 ± 0.94 *† | 61.84 | |
| 200 | 52.70 ± 0.03 | 45.05 ± 0.14 | 2.25 ± 0.52 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 49.55 ± 0.61 *† | 69.99 | |
| protocatechuic acid | 50 | 26.95 ± 1.01 | 58.36 ± 0.29 | 11.14 ± 0.37 | 3.55 ± 0.18 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 91.29 ± 0.28 *† | 20.15 |
| 100 | 36.10 ± 0.57 | 47.56 ± 0.68 | 12.20 ± 0.66 | 4.14 ± 1.06 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 84.38 ± 1.09 *† | 28.40 | |
| 200 | 42.30 ± 0.22 | 38.70 ± 0.54 | 15.27 ± 0.58 | 3.73 ± 0.27 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 80.43 ± 1.14 *† | 33.12 | |
| chlorogenic acid | 50 | 46.10 ± 0.91 | 48.65 ± 0.30 | 5.25 ± 0.37 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 59.15 ± 0.84 *† | 58.52 |
| 100 | 45.67 ± 0.69 | 48.20 ± 0.48 | 6.13 ± 0.79 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 60.46 ± 0.37 *† | 56.96 | |
| 200 | 48.25 ± 0.63 | 41.13 ± 0.54 | 10.62 ± 0.40 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 62.37 ± 1.15 *† | 54.68 | |
| p-hydroxybenzoic acid | 50 | 31.82 ± 0.59 | 51.81 ± 0.33 | 13.98 ± 0.52 | 2.39 ± 0.38 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 86.94 ± 0.33 *† | 25.35 |
| 100 | 33.48 ± 0.50 | 55.00 ± 1.42 | 6.85 ± 0.02 | 4.67 ± 0.50 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 82.71 ± 0.84 *† | 30.40 | |
| 200 | 29.09 ± 1.06 | 64.23 ± 1.11 | 4.63 ± 0.83 | 2.05 ± 0.44 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 79.64 ± 1.25 *† | 34.06 | |
| caffeic acid | 50 | 44.42 ± 0.97 | 46.29 ± 0.24 | 9.29 ± 0.62 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 64.87 ± 0.34 *† | 51.70 |
| 100 | 46.80 ± 0.39 | 46.69 ± 0.52 | 6.51 ± 0.94 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 59.71 ± 0.99 *† | 57.86 | |
| 200 | 49.12 ± 0.94 | 44.33 ± 0.56 | 5.49 ± 0.26 | 1.06 ± 0.31 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 58.49 ± 0.26 *† | 59.31 | |
| syringic acid | 50 | 39.40 ± 0.23 | 43.76 ± 0.17 | 12.88 ± 0.19 | 3.96 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 81.40 ± 1.48 *† | 31.96 |
| 100 | 37.44 ± 0.33 | 50.05 ± 0.59 | 11.46 ± 0.27 | 1.05 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 76.12 ± 1.02 *† | 38.26 | |
| 200 | 33.18 ± 0.61 | 59.61 ± 1.28 | 7.21 ± 0.03 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 74.03 ± 0.95 *† | 40.76 | |
| p-coumaric acid | 50 | 31.49 ± 0.52 | 61.47 ± 0.55 | 5.40 ± 0.68 | 1.64 ± 0.24 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 77.19 ± 0.54 *† | 36.99 |
| 100 | 39.57 ± 0.49 | 51.01 ± 0.91 | 6.79 ± 0.32 | 2.63 ± 0.81 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 72.48 ± 0.29 *† | 42.61 | |
| 200 | 29.62 ± 0.22 | 69.10 ± 0.68 | 1.28 ± 0.08 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 71.66 ± 0.33 *† | 43.59 | |
| ferulic acid | 50 | 30.65 ± 0.34 | 59.23 ± 0.67 | 10.12 ± 0.49 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 79.47 ± 0.48 *† | 34.26 |
| 100 | 29.32 ± 0.50 | 64.20 ± 1.23 | 6.48 ± 0.33 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 77.16 ± 0.97 *† | 37.02 | |
| 200 | 35.89 ± 1.02 | 58.14 ± 1.40 | 5.97 ± 0.25 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 70.08 ± 0.90 *† | 45.48 | |
| luteolin-7-O-glucoside | 50 | 29.96 ± 0.46 | 63.83 ± 0.30 | 6.21 ± 0.96 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 76.25 ± 0.82 *† | 38.11 |
| 100 | 32.59 ± 0.81 | 60.43 ± 0.26 | 6.98 ± 0.20 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 74.39 ± 0.39 *† | 40.33 | |
| 200 | 31.62 ± 1.22 | 63.61 ± 1.00 | 4.77 ± 0.19 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 73.15 ± 0.08 *† | 41.81 | |
| quercetin-3-O-glucoside | 50 | 41.76 ± 0.16 | 50.32 ± 0.90 | 7.92 ± 0.05 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 66.16 ± 0.67 *† | 50.16 |
| 100 | 44.55 ± 1.06 | 51.77 ± 0.38 | 3.68 ± 0.40 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 59.13 ± 0.47 *† | 58.55 | |
| 200 | 56.77 ± 1.31 | 40.77 ± 1.23 | 2.46 ± 0.14 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 45.69 ± 0.49 *† | 74.59 | |
| quercetin-3-O-rutinoside | 50 | 47.52 ± 0.96 | 35.05 ± 1.14 | 15.28 ± 1.31 | 2.15 ± 0.01 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 72.06 ± 0.16 *† | 43.11 |
| 100 | 43.51 ± 0.59 | 44.64 ± 1.30 | 9.57 ± 0.66 | 2.28 ± 0.61 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 70.62 ± 0.56 *† | 44.83 | |
| 200 | 54.61 ± 0.16 | 32.64 ± 0.27 | 11.69 ± 0.35 | 1.06 ± 0.09 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 59.20 ± 0.22 *† | 58.46 | |
| rosmarinic acid | 50 | 53.66 ± 1.12 | 38.05 ± 0.93 | 8.29 ± 0.81 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 54.63 ± 1.41 *† | 63.92 |
| 100 | 48.16 ± 0.82 | 51.84 ± 0.55 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 51.84 ± 0.55 *† | 67.25 | |
| 200 | 53.71 ± 0.35 | 42.44 ± 0.19 | 3.85 ± 0.47 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 50.14 ± 0.68 *† | 69.28 | |
| quercitrin | 50 | 39.30 ± 0.70 | 58.56 ± 1.05 | 2.14 ± 0.64 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 62.84 ± 0.46 *† | 54.12 |
| 100 | 45.25 ± 0.24 | 50.76 ± 0.16 | 1.99 ± 0.11 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 54.74 ± 0.07 *† | 63.79 | |
| 200 | 55.00 ± 0.61 | 43.88 ± 0.78 | 1.12 ± 0.45 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 46.12 ± 0.98 *† | 74.08 | |
| kaempferol-3-O-glucoside | 50 | 39.77 ± 0.33 | 50.75 ± 1.52 | 9.48 ± 0.22 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 69.71 ± 0.62 *† | 45.92 |
| 100 | 39.52 ± 0.84 | 57.27 ± 1.03 | 1.96 ± 0.40 | 1.25 ± 0.03 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 64.94 ± 1.25 *† | 51.61 | |
| 200 | 56.90 ± 0.19 | 35.15 ± 0.65 | 7.95 ± 0.16 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 51.05 ± 0.51 *† | 68.19 | |
| quercetin | 50 | 51.28 ± 1.20 | 35.47 ± 0.37 | 10.62 ± 1.46 | 2.63 ± 0.16 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 64.60 ± 0.68 *† | 52.02 |
| 100 | 57.02 ± 0.62 | 27.99 ± 0.60 | 14.99 ± 0.24 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 57.97 ± 0.66 *† | 59.93 | |
| 200 | 63.54 ± 1.48 | 25.47 ± 0.61 | 9.40 ± 0.33 | 1.59 ± 0.08 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 49.04 ± 0.42 *† | 70.59 | |
| luteolin | 50 | 36.39 ± 0.53 | 55.09 ± 0.95 | 6.49 ± 0.37 | 2.03 ± 0.08 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 74.16 ± 0.60 *† | 40.60 |
| 100 | 52.45 ± 0.42 | 37.14 ± 0.22 | 9.26 ± 0.14 | 1.15 ± 0.12 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 59.11 ± 0.93 *† | 58.57 | |
| 200 | 58.75 ± 1.05 | 30.54 ± 0.80 | 10.71 ± 1.07 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 51.96 ± 0.30 *† | 67.11 | |
| kaempferol | 50 | 39.43 ± 1.15 | 55.12 ± 0.64 | 5.45 ± 0.16 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 66.02 ± 0.92 *† | 50.32 |
| 100 | 50.67 ± 0.50 | 39.23 ± 0.99 | 10.10 ± 0.94 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 59.43 ± 0.83 *† | 58.19 | |
| 200 | 55.50 ± 0.72 | 31.32 ± 0.80 | 13.18 ± 0.37 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 57.68 ± 0.29 *† | 60.28 | |
| isorhamnetin | 50 | 33.93 ± 0.33 | 56.04 ± 1.20 | 10.03 ± 0.93 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 76.10 ± 0.31 *† | 38.29 |
| 100 | 55.12 ± 0.59 | 25.52 ± 0.60 | 16.28 ± 1.17 | 3.08 ± 0.13 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 67.32 ± 0.10 *† | 48.77 | |
| 200 | 58.30 ± 0.28 | 30.18 ± 0.56 | 11.52 ± 1.09 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 53.22 ± 0.87 *† | 65.60 | |
1 Values represent mean ± SEM from three independent experiments; n = 5 rats per group; * p < 0.05 when compared with the control group; † p < 0.05 when compared with the CCl4 group.