Table 2.
Maternal dietary intakes of energy and nutrients between the control and supplement groups at the time of enrollment and the end of the trial.
| Intakes | At Enrollment | At the End of the Trial | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control Group | Supplement Group | p Value | Control Group | Supplement Group | p Value | |
| Energy, kcal/d | 2335.41 ± 715.35 | 2294.49 ± 583.43 | 0.374 Δ | 2160.21 ± 824.95 | 2155.68 ± 579.99 | 0.484 Δ |
| Protein, g/d | 101.99 ± 35.56 | 96.18 ± 44.33 | 0.338 | 86.15 ± 41.01 | 87.48 ± 33.79 | 0.890 |
| Protein, %E | 17.23 ± 4.38 | 17.42 ± 4.84 | 0.632 Δ | 15.87 ± 3.53 | 16.71 ± 3.93 | 0.397 Δ |
| Fat, g/d | 89.11 ± 28.41 | 85.86 ± 26.69 | 0.314 | 78.66 ± 34.78 | 78.42 ± 21.77 | 0.549 |
| Fat, %E | 33.53 ± 8.86 | 33.75 ± 7.98 | 0.603 | 33.11 ± 10.08 | 33.09 ± 7.53 | 0.535 |
| Carbohydrates, g/d | 290.37 ± 110.80 | 282.82 ± 108.31 | 0.799 Δ | 273.86 ± 121.95 | 267.50 ± 112.06 | 0.652 |
| Carbohydrates, %E | 48.89 ± 11.50 | 49.52 ± 10.71 | 0.478 Δ | 50.90 ± 10.86 | 51.40 ± 9.88 | 0.709 Δ |
| Total fatty acids, g/d | 78.86 ± 19.96 | 74.49 ± 20.77 | 0.270 | 67.74 ± 30.97 | 68.71 ± 22.14 | 0.758 |
| SFA, g/d | 20.73 ± 7.07 | 20.76 ± 8.74 | 0.528 Δ | 17.25 ± 9.93 | 17.75 ± 8.74 | 0.972 |
| SFA, %E | 8.06 ± 3.08 | 8.03 ± 2.69 | 0.986 | 7.71 ± 3.00 | 7.83 ± 2.87 | 0.853 Δ |
| MUFA, g/d | 33.84 ± 12.19 | 32.39 ± 11.25 | 0.304 | 30.45 ± 14.37 | 30.62 ± 9.81 | 0.330 Δ |
| PUFA, g/d | 23.26 ± 6.95 | 22.02 ± 7.12 | 0.223 | 20.77 ± 7.95 | 20.87 ± 9.80 | 0.591 |
| PA, g/d | 11.59 ± 7.42 | 10.42 ± 7.22 | 0.265 | 9.43 ± 9.16 | 8.43 ± 7.54 | 0.549 |
| SA, g/d | 4.89 ± 3.14 | 4.37 ± 3.32 | 0.524 | 3.57 ± 3.62 | 3.70 ± 2.95 | 0.938 |
| POA, g/d | 1.25 ± 1.03 | 1.15 ± 1.08 | 0.410 | 0.91 ± 0.92 | 0.88 ± 0.86 | 0.818 |
| OA, g/d | 22.47 ± 14.01 | 18.64 ± 12.96 | 0.187 | 17.04 ± 19.48 | 15.76 ± 14.10 | 0.541 |
| LA, g/d | 17.61 ± 10.81 | 14.98 ± 9.60 | 0.072 | 13.24 ± 9.65 | 13.44 ± 9.83 | 0.448 |
| ALA, g/d | 2.43 ± 3.66 | 2.13 ± 1.37 | 0.087 | 2.05 ± 2.25 | 1.84 ± 1.48 | 0.371 |
| ARA, g/d | 0.23 ± 0.36 | 0.22 ± 0.26 | 0.410 | 0.17 ± 0.21 | 0.17 ± 0.23 | 0.835 |
| EPA, g/d | 36.19 ± 59.28 | 32.04 ± 72.04 | 0.371 | 17.93 ± 46.02 | 18.92 ± 59.34 | 0.619 |
| DHA, g/d | 48.92 ± 51.73 | 40.5 ± 50.69 | 0.211 | 31.95 ± 30.65 | 33.85 ± 43.37 | 0.607 |
| n-3 PUFA, g/d | 2.57 ± 3.78 | 2.20 ± 1.37 | 0.077 | 2.14 ± 2.30 | 1.88 ± 1.59 | 0.367 |
| n-3 PUFA, %E | 0.94 ± 1.07 | 0.85 ± 0.52 | 0.077 | 0.96 ± 0.87 | 0.88 ± 0.52 | 0.333 |
| n-6 PUFA, g/d | 17.74 ± 10.87 | 15.18 ± 9.83 | 0.072 | 13.56 ± 9.93 | 13.51 ± 10.00 | 0.415 |
| n-6 PUFA, %E | 6.75 ± 3.46 | 6.26 ± 3.37 | 0.066 | 5.64 ± 4.83 | 5.68 ± 3.58 | 0.344 |
| n-6/n-3 PUFA | 6.66 ± 5.67 | 6.88 ± 5.00 | 0.349 | 6.45 ± 4.81 | 6.80 ± 5.19 | 0.872 |
Δp values were assessed using independent samples t-test for normally distributed continuous variables. %E, the percentage of energy provided by the nutrient as a percentage of total energy. SFA, saturated fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; PA, palmitic acid); SA, stearic acid; POA, palmitoleic acid; OA, oleic acid; LA, linoleic acid; ALA, α-linolenic acid; ARA, arachidonic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid.