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. 2022 Aug 13;14(8):1689. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081689

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Skin composition profiling in 0–28 µm (for water 0–40 µm) depths from the outermost surface of Stratum corneum in intact (0TS) and mechanically pretreated (10TS) rat skins and intact human skin after freezing and thawing and also in in vitro skin substituents (HRE). (A) Ceramides and fatty acids, (B) cholesterol, (C) lactate (pH = 4), (D) water, (E) proteins, (F) urea. The experiments were performed in duplicates (in HRE) or in triplicates (in rat and human skins) using N = 8–10 different positions for z-profiling on all samples.

Skin composition profiling in 0–28 µm (for water 0–40 µm) depths from the outermost surface of Stratum corneum in intact (0TS) and mechanically pretreated (10TS) rat skins and intact human skin after freezing and thawing and also in in vitro skin substituents (HRE). (A) Ceramides and fatty acids, (B) cholesterol, (C) lactate (pH = 4), (D) water, (E) proteins, (F) urea. The experiments were performed in duplicates (in HRE) or in triplicates (in rat and human skins) using N = 8–10 different positions for z-profiling on all samples.