Table 1.
Clinical and biochemical parameters in Health, T2DM, and DKD groups.
| Health (n = 30) | T2DM (n = 30) | DKD (n = 30) | p a | p b | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 39.20 ± 10.68 | 53.30 ± 17.00 | 50.70 ± 10.36 | <0.001 | 0.478 |
| Male sex | 18 (60.00) | 15 (50.00) | 11 (36.70) | 0.436 | 0.297 |
| Duration of diabetes, years | / | 6.24 ± 5.70 | 7.08 ± 4.69 | / | 0.535 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 119.40 ± 11.62 | 119.47 ± 21.38 | 142.87 ± 21.60 | 0.988 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 76.50 ± 6.12 | 75.53 ± 9.07 | 87.53 ± 11.82 | 0.630 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.32 (3.73, 4.96) | 3.83 (3.40, 4.55) | 5.06 (3.26, 6.41) | 0.017 | 0.012 |
| Triacylglycerol, mmol/L | 1.10 (0.81, 1.62) | 1.03 (0.72, 2.04) | 1.52 (1.06, 2.23) | 0.784 | 0.025 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.13 ± 0.36 | 0.93 (0.82, 1.31) | 1.24 ± 0.35 | 0.693 | 0.098 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.43 ± 0.60 | 1.95 (1.66, 2.68) | 2.90 ± 1.35 | 0.145 | 0.012 |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 4.70 ± 0.37 | 8.29 ± 3.35 | 6.77 ± 3.15 | <0.001 | 0.081 |
| HbA1c, % | / | 10.81 ± 2.39 | 7.67 ± 2.35 | / | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, µmol/L | 66.00 (59.00, 80.25) | 59.00 (53.50, 83.00) | 107.00 (84.50, 146.75) | 0.325 | <0.001 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 104.01 ± 13.22 | 98.12 ± 21.77 | 63.23 ± 24.84 | 0.211 | <0.001 |
| Urea nitrogen, mmol/L | 4.72 (4.15, 6.20) | 5.20 (4.30, 6.40) | 7.25 (6.23, 10.08) | 0.520 | <0.001 |
| Uric acid, µmol/L | 327.83 ± 119.46 | 280.07 ± 82.59 | 390.23 ± 113.53 | 0.077 | <0.001 |
| Albumin, g/L | 47.95 (44.73, 50.15) | 42.10 (40.00, 44.60) | 30.75 (24.13, 40.03) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| 24 h urine protein, g | / | 0.06 (0.04, 0.09) | 3.22 (1.11, 5.14) | / | <0.001 |
a p-value for comparing Health group with T2DM group. b p-value for comparing T2DM group with DKD group.