Table 3.
Univariate analysis determining the effect of sociodemographic variables, chronic conditions, influenza and COVID-19 vaccination status, and COVID-19 course on the risk of developing long-COVID syndrome, as well as brain fog symptoms and chronic fatigue.
| Variable | Long-COVID | Brain Fog | Chronic Fatigue | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percentage (%) | OR (95%Cl) | p | Percentage (%) | OR (95%Cl) |
p | Percentage (%) | OR (95%Cl) |
p | ||
| Sex | Female | 961 (66.6) | 1.44 (1.20–1.72) | <0.001 | 178 (12.6) | 1.15 (0.88–1.51) | 0.301 | 509 (36.1) | 1.06 (0.89–1.28) | 0.493 |
| Male | 483 (59.8) | Ref. | Ref. | 90 (11.1) | Ref. | Ref. | 280 (34.7) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Age | ----- | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.261 | ---- | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.582 | ---- | 1.02 (1.00–1.02) | <0.001 | |
| Chronic diseases | Yes | 1043 (66.5) | 1.23 (1.01–1.48) | 0.035 | 193 (12.3) | 1.07 (0.81–1.43) | 0.624 | 603 (38.4) | 1.55 (1.27–1.89) | <0.001 |
| No | 401 (61.8) | Ref. | Ref. | 75 (11.6) | Ref. | Ref. | 186 (28.7) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Hypertension | Yes | 538 (61.8) | 1.00 (0.84–1.21) | 0.982 | 102 (12.4) | 1.04 (0.80–1.35) | 0.767 | 331 (40.1) | 1.36 (1.14–1.63) | <0.001 |
| No | 906 (65.1) | Ref. | Ref. | 166 (11.9) | Ref. | Ref. | 458 (32.9) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Diabetes | Yes | 149 (64.8) | 0.98 (0.74–1.31) | 0.914 | 29 (12.6) | 1.05 (0.69–1.59) | 0.796 | 88 (38.3) | 1.13 (0.86–1.50) | 0.368 |
| No | 1295 (65.1) | Ref. | Ref. | 239 (12.0) | Ref. | Ref. | 701 (35.3) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Obesity (BMI ≥ 30) | Yes | 468 (67.6) | 1.16 (0.96–1.41) | 0.122 | 82 (11.9) | 0.97 (0.74–1.28) | 0.856 | 291 (42.1) | 1.49 (1.24–1.80) | <0.001 |
| No | 954 (64.2) | Ref. | Ref. | 180 (12.1) | Ref. | Ref. | 486 (32.7) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Coronary artery disease | Yes | 95 (70.9) | 1.32 (0.91–1.94) | 0.148 | 24 (17.9) | 1.64 (1.03–2.61) | 0.034 | 51 (38.1) | 0.89 (0.62–1.28) | 0.535 |
| No | 1349 (64.7) | Ref. | Ref. | 244 (11.7) | Ref. | Ref. | 738 (35.4) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| DCM | Yes | 9 (52.9) | 0.61 (0.23–1.57) | 0.296 | 0 (0.0) | ---- | --- | 2 (11.8) | 0.24 (0.05–1.05) | 0.058 |
| No | 1435 (65.2) | Ref. | Ref. | 268 (12.2) | Ref. | Ref. | 787 (35.8) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Heart failure | Yes | 15 (57.7) | 0.73 (0.33–1.59) | 0 (0.0) | ---- | --- | 7 (26.9) | 0.66 (0.27–1.58) | 0.357 | |
| No | 1429 (65.2) | Ref. | Ref. | 268 (12.2) | Ref. | Ref. | 782 (35.7) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Venous thromboembolism | Yes | 17 (70.8) | 1.31 (0.54–3.17) | 0.555 | 2 (8.3) | 0.66 (0.15–2.81) | 0.574 | 9 (37.5) | 1.08 (0.48–2.50) | 0.842 |
| No | 1427 (65.0) | Ref. | Ref. | 266 (12.1) | Ref. | Ref. | 780 (35.6) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Hyperlipidemia | Yes | 306 (69.6) | 1.28 (1.03–1.61) | 0.029 | 69 (15.7) | 1.48 (1.10–1.98) | 0.010 | 179 (40.7) | 1.31 (1.06–1.63) | 0.012 |
| No | 1138 (64.0) | Ref. | Ref. | 199 (11.2) | Ref. | Ref. | 610 (34.3) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Asthma | Yes | 154 (70.5) | 1.31 (0.97–1.79) | 0.079 | 32 (14.8) | 1.29 (0.87–1.93) | 0.206 | 90 (41.5) | 1.32 (0.99–1.76) | 0.056 |
| No | 1291 (64.5) | Ref. | Ref. | 236 (11.8) | Ref. | Ref. | 699 (34.9) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| COPD | Yes | 33 (64.7) | 0.98 (0.55–1.76) | 0.951 | 1 (2.0) | 0.14 (0.01–1.03) | 0.054 | 20 (39.2) | 1.17 (0.66–2.07) | 0.582 |
| No | 1411 (65.1) | Ref. | Ref. | 267 (12.3) | Ref. | Ref. | 769 (35.5) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Thyroid disease | Yes | 245 (65.5) | 1.02 (0.81–1.29) | 0.857 | 51 (13.6) | 1.18 (0.85–1.64) | 0.312 | 141 (37.7) | 1.12 (0.89–1.41) | 0.346 |
| No | 1199 (65.0) | Ref. | Ref. | 217 (11.8) | Ref. | Ref. | 648 (35.1) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Number of diseases | --- | 1.06 (1.00–1.12) | 0.049 | ---- | 1.04 (0.97–1.13 | 0.246 | ---- | 1.12 (1.06–1.18) | <0.001 | |
| Flu vaccinations | Yes | 113 (68.1) | 1.16 (0.82–1.62) | 0.404 | 18 (10.8) | 0.87 (0.52–1.45) | 0.610 | 63 (37.9) | 1.12 (0.81–1.55) | 0.505 |
| No | 1331 (64.9) | Ref. | Ref. | 250 (12.2) | Ref. | Ref. | 726 (35.4) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Vaccination against COVID-19 |
Yes | 326 (66.0) | 1.21 (0.86–1.69) | 0.268 | 57 (11.5) | 1.42 (0.81–2.52) | 0.219 | 197 (39.9) | 1.44 (1.02–2.04) | 0.038 |
| No | 125 (61.6) | Ref. | Ref. | 17 (8.4) | Ref. | Ref. | 64 (31.5) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Course of COVID-19 | Symptomatic | 1412 (65.1) | 1.41 (0.83–2.42) | 0.207 | 264 (12.2) | 1.81 (0.64–5.04) | 0.257 | 776 (35.9) | 1.85 (0.98–3.46) | 0.054 |
| Asymptomatic | 32 (57.1) | Ref. | Ref. | 4 (7.1) | Ref. | Ref. | 13 (23.2) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Home Isolation | Yes | 1202 (64.6) | 0.87 (0.68–1.11) | 0.280 | 225 (12.1) | 1.01 (0.71–1.43) | 0.963 | 650 (35.0) | 0.84 (0.67–1.07) | 0.160 |
| No | 242 (67.6) | Ref. | Ref. | 43 (12.0) | Ref. | Ref. | 139 (38.8) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Hospitalization without pneumonia | Yes | 22 (66.7) | 1.07 (0.52–2.22) | 0.849 | 3 (9.1) | 0.72 (0.22–2.39) | 0.596 | 9 (27.3) | 0.67 (0.31–1.46) | 0.319 |
| No | 1422 (65.1) | Ref. | Ref. | 265 (12.1) | Ref. | Ref. | 780 (35.7) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Hospitalization with pneumonia | Yes | 184 (66.0) | 1.04 (0.80–1.36) | 0.751 | 33 (11.8) | 0.97 (0.66–1.43) | 0.889 | 113 (40.5) | 1.27 (0.98–1.64) | 0.066 |
| No | 1260 (65.0) | Ref. | Ref. | 235 (12.1) | Ref. | Ref. | 676 (34.9) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Hospitalization ICU | Yes | 14 (73.7) | 1.51 (0.54–4.2) | 0.434 | 2 (10.5) | 0.85 (0.19–3.72) | 0.834 | 8 (42.12) | 1.31 (0.53–3.30) | 0.552 |
| No | 1430 (65.0) | Ref. | Ref. | 266 (12.1) | Ref. | Ref. | 781 (35.5) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Temperature< 36.6 | Yes | 198 (63.1) | 0.90 (0.70–1.15) | 0.418 | 34 (10.8) | 0.87 (0.59–1.27) | 0.461 | 102 (32.5) | 0.85 (0.66–1.10) | 0.217 |
| No | 1246 (65.4) | Ref. | Ref. | 234 (12.4) | Ref. | Ref. | 687 (36.1) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Temperature≤ 37.5 | Yes | 332 (66.4) | 1.08 (0.87–1.32) | 0.486 | 60 (12.0) | 0.99 (0.73–1.34) | 0.948 | 171 (34.2) | 0.93(0.75–1.14) | 0.466 |
| No | 1112 (64.7) | Ref. | Ref. | 208 (12.1) | Ref. | Ref. | 618 (35.9) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Temperature> 37.5 | Yes | 782 (66.4) | 1.13 (0.95–1.34) | 0.178 | 153 (13.0) | 1.20 (0.93–1.55) | 0.164 | 449 (38.1) | 1.27 (1.06–1.51) | 0.007 |
| No | 662 (63.7) | Ref. | Ref. | 115 (11.1) | Ref. | Ref. | 340 (32.7) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Cough | Yes | 927 (65.6) | 1.06 (0.88–1.27) | 0.551 | 182 (12.9) | 1.23 (0.94–1.62) | 0.131 | 512 (36.2) | 1.08 (0.90–1.29) | 0.407 |
| No | 517 (64.3) | Ref. | Ref. | 86 (110.7) | Ref. | Ref. | 277 (34.5) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Dyspnoea | Yes | 767 (74.4) | 1.87 (1.56–2.24) | <0.001 | 153 (14.5) | 1.53 (1.18–1.98) | 0.001 | 457 (43.2) | 1.89 (1.59–2.26) | <0.001 |
| No | 677 (58.4) | Ref. | Ref. | 115 (9.9) | Ref. | Ref. | 332 (28.7) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Isolated olfactory dysfunction | Yes | 126 (58.6) | 0.74 (0.55–0.98) | 0.035 | 21 (9.8) | 0.77 (0.48–1.23) | 0.274 | 71 (33.0) | 0.88 (0.65–1.19) | 0.411 |
| No | 1318 (65.8) | Ref. | Ref. | 247 (12.3) | Ref. | Ref. | 718 (35.9) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Isolated taste dysfunction | Yes | 100 (71.4) | 1.36 (0.94–1.99) | 0.105 | 21 (15.0) | 1.31 (0.81–2.12) | 0.275 | 53 (37.9) | 1.12 (0.78–1.58) | 0.559 |
| No | 1344 (64.7) | Ref. | Ref. | 247 (11.9) | Ref. | Ref. | 736 (35.4) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Taste and olfactory dysfunction | Yes | 684 (68.8) | 1.35 (1.13–1.61) | <0.001 | 127 (12.8) | 1.13 (0.87–1.45) | 0.366 | 349 (35.1) | 0.96 (0.81–1.15) | 0.682 |
| No | 760 (62.1) | Ref. | Ref. | 141 (11.5) | Ref. | Ref. | 440 (36.0) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Taste and/or olfactory dysfunction | Yes | 717 (68.6) | 1.34 (1.12–1.59) | 0.001 | 144 (13.8) | 1.35 (1.04–1.74) | 0.022 | 374 (35.8) | 1.02 (0.86–1.20) | 0.865 |
| No | 727 (62.0) | Ref. | Ref. | 124 (10.6) | Ref. | Ref. | 415 (35.4) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Weakness | Yes | 1107 (68.2) | 1.63 (1.35–1.98) | <0.001 | 211 (13.0) | 1.41 (1.03–1.92) | 0.030 | 628 (38.7) | 1.70 (1.38–2.09) | <0.001 |
| No | 337 (56.7) | Ref. | Ref. | 57 (9.6) | Ref. | Ref. | 161 (27.1) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Chest pain | Yes | 708 (73.1) | 1.90 (1.59–2.28) | <0.001 | 138 (14.3) | 1.43 (1.11–1.85) | 0.005 | 409 (42.3) | 1.68 (1.41–2.00) | <0.001 |
| No | 736 (58.9) | Ref. | Ref. | 130 (10.4) | Ref. | Ref. | 380 (30.4) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Back pain | Yes | 795 (68.2) | 1.38 (1.13–1.59) | 0.001 | 153 (13.1) | 1.23 (0.95–1.60) | 0.111 | 455 (39.1) | 1.38 (1.16–1.64) | <0.001 |
| No | 649 (61.6) | Ref. | Ref. | 115 (10.9) | Ref. | Ref. | 334 (31.7) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Leg pain | Yes | 670 (70.2) | 1.48 (1.24–1.78) | <0.001 | 139 (14.5) | 1.47 (1.14–1.90) | 0.003 | 394 (41.3) | 1.54 (1.30–1.84) | <0.001 |
| No | 774 (61.3) | Ref. | Ref. | 130 (10.3) | Ref. | Ref. | 395 (31.3) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Headache | Yes | 837 (68.3) | 1.37 (1.15–1.64) | <0.001 | 175 (14.3) | 1.61 (1.24–2.11) | <0.001 | 471 (38.5) | 1.33 (1.11–1.58) | 0.002 |
| No | 607 (61.1) | Ref. | Ref. | 93 (9.4) | Ref. | Ref. | 318 (32.0) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Arthralgia | Yes | 651 (72.3) | 1.72 (1.43–2.06) | <0.001 | 133 (14.8) | 1.52 (1.12–1.95) | 0.001 | 384 (42.6) | 1.67 (1.40–2.00) | <0.001 |
| No | 793 (60.2) | Ref. | Ref. | 135 (10.3) | Ref. | Ref. | 405 (30.8) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Diarrhoea | Yes | 302 (70.2) | 1.33 (1.06–1.68) | 0.013 | 67 (15.6) | 1.46 (1.09–1.96) | 0.014 | 169 (39.3) | 1.22 (0.98–1.51) | 0.072 |
| No | 1142 (63.9) | Ref. | Ref. | 201 (11.2) | Ref. | Ref. | 620 (34.7) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Vomits | Yes | 111 (74.0) | 1.57 (108–2.29) | 0.015 | 28 (18.7) | 1.75 (1.13–2.69) | 0.011 | 60 (40.0) | 1.22 (0.87–1.72) | 0.241 |
| No | 1333 (64.5) | Ref. | Ref. | 240 (11.6) | Ref. | Ref. | 729 (35.3) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Chills | Yes | 559 (70.1) | 1.43 (1.18–1.72) | <0.001 | 113 (14.2) | 1.35 (1.04–1.75) | 0.024 | 323 (40.5) | 1.40 (1.17–1.67) | <0.001 |
| No | 885 (62.3) | Ref. | Ref. | 155 (10.9) | Ref. | Ref. | 466 (32.8) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Labile blood pressure values | Yes | 234 (71.6) | 1.41 (1.09–1.83) | 0.008 | 36 (11.0) | 0.89 (0.61–1.28) | 0.519 | 134 (41.0) | 1.31 (1.03–1.67) | 0.027 |
| No | 1210 (64.0) | Ref. | Ref. | 232 (12.3) | Ref. | Ref. | 655 (34.6) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Hearing dysfunction | Yes | 153 (69.6) | 1.25 (0.93–1.69) | 0.146 | 37 (16.8) | 1.55 (1.06–2.26) | 0.024 | 89 (40.5) | 1.26 (0.94–1.67) | 0.111 |
| No | 1291 (64.6) | Ref. | Ref. | 231 (11.6) | Ref. | Ref. | 700 (35.0) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Severity of the COVID-19 | 3 | 567 (72.9) | 1.80 (1.27–2.55) | <0.001 | 117 (15.1) | 1.65 (0.97–2.87) | 0.075 | 333 (42.9) | 1.67 (1.17–2.40) | 0.004 |
| 2 | 416 (68.8) | 1.47 (1.03–2.10) | 0.011 | 86 (14.2) | 1.54 (0.88–2.71) | 0.131 | 224 (37.0) | 1.31 (0.91–1.90) | 0.146 | |
| 1 | 348 (53.5) | 0.76 (0.54–1.08) | <0.001 | 47 (7.2) | 0.72 (0.39–1.31) | 0.288 | 174 (26.7) | 0.82 (0.56–1.18) | 0.284 | |
| 0 | 99 (60.0) | Ref. | Ref. | 16 (9.7) | Ref. | Ref. | 51 (30.9) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Duration of symptoms | ---- | 1.05(1.03–1.07) | <0.001 | ---- | 1.02 (1.00-1.04) | 0.037 | ---- | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | <0.001 | |
| Number of symptoms | ---- | 1.09 (10.7–1.12) | <0.001 | ---- | 1.08 (1.05–1.13) | <0.001 | ---- | 1.08 (1.06–1.11) | <0.001 | |
OR—odds ratio; CI—confidence interval; Ref.—reference; COPD—chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. ICU—intensive care unit; DCM—dilated cardiomyopathy statistically; significant values are in bold with the significance level set at p < 0.05.