Table 1.
Baseline characteristics after C2HEST risk stratification in the CAD and non-CAD study cohorts.
| Variables, Units (N) (CAD/non-CAD) |
Low Risk (0–1) |
Medium Risk (2–3) |
High Risk (≥4) |
OMNIBUS p Value |
p Value (For Post Hoc Analysis) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Min–Max (N) or n/N (% of Risk Category) |
Min–Max (N) or n/N (% of Risk Category) |
Min–Max (N) or n/N (% of Risk Category) |
||||||||
| CAD | Non- CAD |
CAD | Non- CAD |
CAD | Non- CAD |
CAD | Non- CAD |
CAD | Non- CAD |
|
| Demographics | ||||||||||
|
Age, years (228/1955) |
67.92 ± 5.45 59–73 (12) |
50.96 ± 15.88 17–74 (1405) |
66.94 ± 6.95 49–84 (72) |
77.03 ± 11.77 29–100 (420) |
75.9 ± 9.65 38–93 (144) |
81.56 ± 8.11 43–100 (130) |
<0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.849 a 0.0008 b <0.0001 c |
<0.0001 a,b,c |
|
Male gender (228/1955) |
11/12 (91.67%) |
724/1405 (51.53%) |
52/72 (72.22) |
156/420 (37.14%) |
98/144 (68.06%) |
41/130 (31.54%) |
0.2188 | <0.0001 | N/A | <0.0001 a,b 0.8675 c |
|
BMI kg/m2 (66/488) |
29.43 ± 6.99 24.49–34.37 (2) |
28.27 ± 5.07 15.36–49.38 (395) |
28.85 ± 4.14 22.6–35.16 (19) |
29.4 ± 5.98 18.59–47.75 (71) |
27.78 ± 4.88 16.41–38.97 (45) |
27.81 ± 7.59 17.28–48.21 (22) |
0.738 | 0.3172 | N/A | N/A |
|
Obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) (66/488) |
1/2 (50.0%) |
131/395 (33.17%) |
9/19 (47.37%) |
29/71 (40.85%) |
15/45 (33.33) |
6/22 (27.27%) |
0.805 | 0.4104 | N/A | N/A |
|
Cigarette smoking never previous current (228/1955) |
12/12 (100%) 0/12 (0%) 0/12(0%) |
1325/1405 (94.31%)46/1405 (3.27%) 34/1405 (2.42%) |
58/72 (81.69%) 6/72 (8.45%) 7/72 (9.86%) |
373/420 (89.23%) 29/420 (6.94%) 16/420 (3.83%) |
105/144 (72.92%) 24/144 (16.67%) 15/144 (10.42%) |
113/130 (87.6%) 12/130 (9.3%) 4/130 (3.1%) |
0.2136 | 0.0005 | N/A | 0.0049 a 0.0138 b 1.0 c |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||||
|
Hypertension (228/1955) |
0/12 (0%) |
415/1405 (29.54%) |
58/72 (80.56%) |
299/420 (71.19%) |
131/144 (90.97) |
118/130 (90.77%) |
<0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 a,b 0.1424 c |
<0.0001 a,b,c |
|
DM (228/1955) |
3/12 (25.0%) |
205/1405 (14.6%) |
31/72 (43.06%) |
115/420 (27.39%) |
68/144 (47.22%) |
50/130 (38.46%) |
0.4607 | <0.0001 | N/A | <0.0001 a,b 0.2594 c |
|
Atrial fibrillation/flutter (228/1955) |
1/12 (8.33%) |
48/1405 (3.42%) |
15/72 (20.83%) |
91/420 (21.67%) |
73/144 (50.69%) |
62/130 (47.69%) |
<0.0001 | <0.0001 | 1.0 a 0.0158 b <0.0001 c |
<0.0001 a,b,c |
|
Previous coronary revascularization (228/1955) |
6/12 (50%) |
0/1405 (0%) |
37/72 (51.39%) |
0/420 (0%) |
111/144 (77.08%) |
0/130 (0%) |
0.0002 | <0.0001 | 1.0 a 0.2238 b 0.0005 c |
<0.0001 a,b,c |
|
Previous myocardial infarction (228/1955) |
11/12 (91.67%) |
0/1405 (0%) |
63/72 (87.5%) |
0/420 (0%) |
117/144 (81.25%) |
0/130 (0%) |
0.4723 | <0.0001 | N/A | <0.0001 a,b,c |
|
Heart failure (228/1955) |
0/12 (0%) |
0/1405 (0%) |
6/72 (8.33%) |
47/420 (11.19%) |
112/144 (77.78%) |
90/130 (69.23%) |
<0.0001 | <0.0001 | 1.0 a <0.0001 b,c |
<0.0001 a,b,c |
|
Moderate/severe valvular heart disease or previous valve heart surgery (228/1955) |
0/12 (0%) |
13/1405 (0.93%) |
6/72 (8.33%) |
26/420 (6.19%) |
29/144 (20.14) |
22.130 (16.92%) |
0.0227 | <0.0001 | 1.0 a 0.3738 b 0.0924 c |
<0.0001 a,b 0.0016 c |
|
Peripheral artery disease (228/1955) |
2/12 (16.67%) |
24/1405 (1.71%) |
6/72 (8.33%) |
25/420 (5.95%) |
35/144 (24.31%) |
8/130 (6.15%) |
0.0113 | <0.0001 | 0.9599 a 1.0 b 0.0159 c |
<0.0001 a 0.0118 b 1.0 c |
|
Previous stroke/TIA (228/1955) |
1/12 (8.33%) |
46/1405 (3.27%) |
11/72 (15.28%) |
48/420 (11.43%) |
37/144 (25.69%) |
21/130 (16.15%) |
0.1331 | <0.0001 | N/A | <0.0001 a,b 0.6124 c |
|
Chronic kidney disease (228/1955) |
0/12 (0%) |
70/1405 (4.98%) |
16/72 (22.22%) |
54/420 (12.86%) |
54/144 (37.5%) |
37/130 (28.46%) |
0.0022 | <0.0001 | 0.3325 a 0.0256 b 0.0915 c |
<0.0001 a,b 0.0002 c |
|
Haemodialysis (228/1955) |
0/12 (0%) |
19/1405 (1.35%) |
8/72 (11.11%) |
12/420 (2.86%) |
15/144 (10.42%) |
4/130 (3.08%) |
0.7478 | 0.0488 | N/A | 0.1505 a 0.3709 b 1.0 c |
|
Asthma (228/1955) |
0/12 (0%) |
54/1405 (3.84%) |
2/72 (2.78%) |
18/420 (4.29%) |
6/144 (4.17%) |
3/130 (3.85%) |
0.8207 | 0.9184 | N/A | N/A |
|
COPD (228/1955) |
0/12 (0%) |
6/1405 (0.43%) |
3/72 (4.17%) |
22/420 (5.24%) |
21/144 (14.58%) |
23/130 (17.69%) |
0.0317 | <0.0001 | 1.0 a 1.0 b 0.0657 c |
<0.0001 a,b,c |
|
Hypothyroidism (228/1955) |
0/12 (0%) |
76/1405 (5.41%) |
6/72 (8.33%) |
62/420 (14.76%) |
22/144 (15.28%) |
42/130 (32.31%) |
0.4089 | <0.0001 | N/A | <0.0001 a,b 0.0003 c |
|
Hyperthyroidism (228/1955) |
0/12 (0%) |
4/1405 (0.28%) |
2/72 (2.78%) |
8/420 (1.9%) |
5/144 (3.47%) |
2/130 (1.54%) |
||||
Continuous variables are presented as: mean ± SD, range (minimum–maximum) and number of non-missing values. Categorized variables are presented as a number with a percentage. Information about the numbers with valid values is provided in the left column. Abbreviations: CAD—coronary artery disease, OMNIBUS—analysis of variance, N—valid measurements, n—number of patients with parameter above cut-off point, SD—standard deviation, BMI—body mass index, DM—diabetes mellitus, TIA—transient ischemic attack, COPD—chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, N/A—non-applicable, a—low risk vs. medium risk, b—low risk vs. high risk, c—medium risk vs. high risk.