Table 1.

Physicochemical properties, encapsulation efficiency and drug loading of ATRA-PLGA NPs; nanoparticles were formulated using the nanoprecipitation method (1:20 w/w drug:polymer). All loaded formulations were purified using centrifugation, disrupted in 1:100 (v/v) NPs/MeOH. UV-Vis was used to quantify the drug content at 348 nm. The average hydrodynamic diameter, PDI and zeta potential of NPs were measured by a Malvern Nanosizer ZS-90. Data reported as mean ± SD (n = 3). EE: encapsulation efficiency, PDI: polydispersity index.

Formula	Size (nm)	PDI	Zeta Potential (mV)	EE%	Drug Loading (µg/mg)
Blank NPs	203.9 ± 0.4	0.041 ± 0.006	−2.52 ± 0.331	N/A	N/A
ATRA-PLGA NPs	261.6 ± 9.7	0.187 ± 0.030	−1.80 ± 0.410	65.8 ± 12.4	33.8 ± 4.56