Table 1.
Overview of European biomonitoring studies.
| Nr. | Author | Pub. Year | Sampl. Year | Matrix | Num. Participants, Non-Smoker/Smoker | Age (Mean, Median, Range) in Years | Sex (Perc. Male) | Rep. Value | AA (ns/s) | GA (ns/s) | Unit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 [38] X | L. Hagmar et al. (LH) | 2005 | 1991–1996 * | blood | ns 70 s 72 |
(45–73) | - | median | 31 152 |
pmol/g | |
| 2 [39] X | M. Obon-Santacana et al. (MOS) | 2016 | 1992–2000 * | blood | ns 417 | M: 58 | 0 | median | 43.1 | 35.4 | pmol/g |
| 3 [40] X | Anna C, Vikström et al. (AV1) | 2012 | 1999–2000 * | blood | ns 68 | 45–73 | - | median | 39 | 67 | pmol/g |
| 4 [41] | Thomas Schettgen et al. (TS1) | 2003 | 2001 | blood | ns 25 s 47 |
M: 34 (19–59) | 88 | median | 21 85 |
pmol/g | |
| 5 [35] X | Michael Urban et al. (MU) | 2006 | 2002 | urine | ns 60 s 60 |
- | 38.3 | mean | 41.6 107.3 |
8.7 15.0 |
µg/L |
| 5 [35] X | Michael Urban et al. (MU) | 2006 | 2002 | blood | ns 60 s 60 |
- | 38.3 | mean | 27.6 81.8 |
- | pmol/g |
| 6 [42] X | Sylvie Chevolleau et al. (SC) | 2007 | - | blood | ns 52 s 16 |
18–77 | 42.6 | mean | 27 53 |
23 34 |
pmol/L |
| 7 [43] | Thomas Schettgen et al. (TS2) | 2004 | 2003 | blood | ns 13 s16 |
M: 35 (16–67) | 23.0 | mean | 18 80 |
17 53 |
pmol/g |
| 8 [44] | Birgitta Kütting et al. (BK) | 2009 | 2003 | blood | ns 857 s 148 |
41.6 | 46.9 | mean | 28.2 82.6 |
- | pmol/g |
| 9 [45] | Melanie Isabell Boettcher et al. (MB) | 2005 | 2003 | urine | ns 16 s 13 |
m: 25.5 | 31.2 | median | 29 127 |
5 19 |
µg/L |
| 10 [17] | Thomas Schettgen et al. (TS3) | 2010 | 2003 | blood | n.s. 92 | M: 35 (6–80) | 21.7 | median | 29.9 | 35.2 | pmol/g |
| 11 [46] | Eva C, Hartmann et al. (EH) | 2008 | 2003 | urine | ns 91 | m: 36 | 49.4 | median | 29 | 7 | µg/L |
| 11 [46] | Eva C, Hartmann et al. (EH) | 2008 | 2003 | blood | ns 91 | m: 36 | 49.4 | median | 30 | 34 | pmol/g |
| 12 [47] | Thomas Bjellaas et al. (TB) | 2007 | 2005 | blood | ns 44 s 6 |
m: 45 | 45.4 | mean | 38.4 154 |
19.6 76.6 |
pmol/g |
| 13 [18] | Ursel Heudorf (UH) | 2009 | 2007 | urine | ns 110 | 5–6 | 57.2 | mean | 57.8 | 18.3 | µg/L |
| 14 [48] | Hans von Stedingk et al. (HS) | 2011 | 2007 | blood | ns 81 s 6 |
m: 30 | 0 | mean | 28 110 |
22 102 |
pmol/g |
| 15 [34] | Eva Katarina Kopp et al. (EKK) | 2009 | 2008 | urine | ns 67 s 67 |
m: 35.5 | 32.8 | median | 39 121 |
9 25 |
µg/L |
| 16 [49] | Talita Duarte-Salles et al. (TDS) | 2013 | 2007–2009 * | blood | ns 79 | m: 30 | 0 | mean | 31 | 23 | pmol/g |
| 17 [50] | Anna C Vikström et al. (AV2) | 2011 | 2011 | blood | ns 10 | m: 46 | 50 | mean | 59 | 72 | pmol/g |
| 18 [51] | Hanna Mojska et al. (HM) | 2016 | 2012 | urine | ns 78 s 5 |
m: 30 (20–40) | 0 | median | 18.9 168 |
6.8 27.7 |
µg/L |
| 19 [52] | Katharina Goerke et al. (KG) | 2019 | 2015 | urine | ns 20 | m: 26 | 50 | mean | 312 | 45 | nmol/day |
| 20 [53] | Katharina Goempel et al. (KG2) | 2017 | 2015 | blood | ns 6 | (20–44) *** | 100 | mean | 24.5 | 17.2 | pmol/g |
| 21 [54] X | Gianfranco Frigerio et al. (GF) | 2020 | 2017 | urine | ns 38 s 22 |
m: 46 | 89.4 | median | 142 405 |
1.3 3.2 |
µg/g creatinine |
| 22 [55] X | Gerda Schwedler et al. (GS) | 2021 | 2015–2017 ** | urine | ns 2211 s 48 |
m: 10.4 | 51.6 | mean | 95.33 242.4 |
- | µg/L |
non-smoker: ns, smoker: s, mean: m, median: M, AA: acrylamide biomarker, GA: glycidamide biomarker, X: excluded, * studies collecting samples for multiple years, ** data part of GerES V (excluded because of overlapping data), - not provided, *** age range of exclusion criteria.