Table 1.
Characteristics of health workers and factors associated with early COVID-19 uptake in the univariable and multivariable analysis, Georgia, March–July 2021.
| Vaccination Status | Crude Odds Ratio (OR) N = 1533 |
Adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) N = 1529 |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Missing n (%) |
Total Study Population (%) N = 1533 |
Number Unvaccinated (%) N = 1259 |
Number Vaccinated (%) N = 274 |
p-Value 2 | OR (95% CI) 3 | p-Value | aOR (95% CI) 3 | p-Value |
| Basic Characteristics | |||||||||
| Hospital study site | 0 (0%) | <0.001 | |||||||
| Acad. K Central University Hosp. | 280 (18.3%) | 227 (18.0%) | 53 (19.3%) | - | - | ||||
| Batumi Republican Hospital | 305 (19.9%) | 224 (17.8%) | 81 (29.6%) | 1.55 (1.05, 2.30) | 0.029 | 1.17 (0.74, 1.86) | 0.5 | ||
| Bochorishvili Clinic | 183 (11.9%) | 164 (13.0%) | 19 (6.9%) | 0.50 (0.28, 0.86) | 0.014 | 0.60 (0.32, 1.11) | 0.11 | ||
| Bokeria Tbilisi Referral Hospital | 302 (19.7%) | 260 (20.7%) | 42 (15.3%) | 0.69 (0.44, 1.07) | 0.10 | 0.57 (0.34, 0.95) | 0.033 | ||
| Caucasus Medical Centre | 289 (18.9%) | 244.0 (19.4%) | 45 (16.4%) | 0.79 (0.51, 1.22) | 0.3 | 0.81 (0.49, 1.33) | 0.4 | ||
| Infectious Disease Hospital | 174 (11.4%) | 140 (11.1%) | 34 (12.4%) | 1.04 (.64, 1.67) | 0.9 | 0.64 (0.36, 1.12) | 0.12 | ||
| Age group (years) | 0 (0%) | <0.001 | |||||||
| 18–29 | 386 (25.2%) | 343 (27.2%) | 43 (15.7%) | - | - | ||||
| 30–39 | 334 (21.8%) | 282 (22.4%) | 52 (19.0%) | 1.47 (0.95, 2.28) | 0.081 | 1.22 (0.76, 1.97) | 0.4 | ||
| 40–49 | 321 (20.9%) | 258 (20.5%) | 63 (23.0%) | 1.95 (1.28, 2.98) | 0.002 | 1.83 (1.14, 2.94) | 0.013 | ||
| 50–59 | 312 (20.4%) | 241 (19.1%) | 71 (25.9%) | 2.35 (1.56, 3.57) | <0.001 | 2.40 (1.50, 3.88) | <0.001 | ||
| 60+ | 180 (11.7%) | 135 (10.7%) | 45 (16.4%) | 2.66 (1.67, 4.23) | <0.001 | 1.90 (1.10, 3.27) | 0.021 | ||
| Sex | 0 (0%) | 0.5 | |||||||
| Female | 1289 (84.1%) | 1062 (84.4%) | 227 (82.8%) | - | |||||
| Male | 244 (15.9%) | 197 (15.6%) | 47 (17.2%) | 1.12 (0.78, 1.57) | 0.5 | ||||
| Occupation * | 0 (0%) | <0.001 | |||||||
| Physicians | 314 (20.5%) | 184 (14.6%) | 130 (47.4%) | - | - | ||||
| Nurses and midwives | 617 (40.2%) | 540 (42.9%) | 77 (28.1%) | 0.20 (0.14, 0.28) | <0.001 | 0.22 (0.15, 0.32) | <0.001 | ||
| Ancillary workers | 241 (15.7%) | 225 (17.9%) | 16 (5.8%) | 0.10 (0.06, 0.17) | <0.001 | 0.08 (0.04, 0.15) | <0.001 | ||
| other health professionals | 88 (5.7%) | 78 (6.2%) | 10 (3.6%) | 0.18 (0.09, 0.35) | <0.001 | 0.15 (0.07, 0.30) | <0.001 | ||
| Administrative workers | 227 (14.8%) | 188 (14.9%) | 39 (14.2%) | 0.29 (0.19, 0.44) | <0.001 | 0.36 (0.22, 0.56) | <0.001 | ||
| Unspecified/unknown occupation | 46 (3.0%) | 44 (3.5%) | 2 (0.7%) | 0.06 (0.01, 0.21) | <0.001 | 0.07 (0.01, 0.27) | <0.001 | ||
| Household size 1 | 0 (0%) | 4.0 (3.0, 5.0) | 4.0 (3.0, 5.0) | 4.0 (3.0, 5.0) | >0.9 | 1.00 (0.91, 1.09) | >0.9 | ||
| Underlying condition ** | 0 (0%) | 0.038 | |||||||
| None | 1155 (75.3%) | 962 (76.4%) | 193 (70.4%) | - | |||||
| One or more | 378 (24.7%) | 297 (23.6%) | 81 (29.6%) | 1.36 (1.01, 1.81) | 0.038 | ||||
| Smoking status | 2 (0.1%) | 0.7 | |||||||
| Never smoked | 1018 (66.5%) | 839 (66.7%) | 179 (65.3%) | - | |||||
| Current/previous smoker | 513 (33.5%) | 418 (33.3%) | 95 (34.7%) | 1.07 (0.81, 1.40) | 0.7 | ||||
| Self-rated health status | 0 (0%) | 0.6 | |||||||
| Poor | 19 (1.2%) | 18 (1.4%) | 1 (0.4%) | - | |||||
| Average/normal | 634 (41.4%) | 520 (41.3%) | 114 (41.6%) | 3.95 (0.80, 71.4) | 0.2 | ||||
| Good (better than average) | 519 (33.9%) | 424 (33.7%) | 95 (34.7%) | 4.03 (0.82, 73.0) | 0.2 | ||||
| Excellent | 361 (23.5%) | 297 (23.6%) | 64 (23.4%) | 3.88 (0.78, 70.4) | 0.2 | ||||
| Vaccinated against influenza | 1 (<0.1%) | <0.001 | |||||||
| No | 1046 (68.3%) | 920 (73.1%) | 126 (46.0%) | - | - | ||||
| Yes | 486 (31.7%) | 338 (26.9%) | 148 (54.0%) | 3.20 (2.45, 4.19) | <0.001 | 2.98 (2.19, 4.08) | <0.001 | ||
| Previous SARS-CoV-2 infection | 0 (0%) | <0.001 | |||||||
| No | 835 (54.5%) | 660 (52.4%) | 175 (63.9%) | - | - | ||||
| Yes | 698 (45.5%) | 599 (47.6%) | 99 (36.1%) | 0.62 (0.47, 0.81) | <0.001 | 0.57 (0.42, 0.78) | <0.001 | ||
| Service types | |||||||||
| Regular contact with infants at work | 0 (0%) | 0.019 | |||||||
| No | 1389 (90.6%) | 1151 (91.4%) | 238 (86.9%) | - | |||||
| Yes | 144 (9.4%) | 108 (8.6%) | 36 (13.1%) | 1.61 (1.07, 2.39) | 0.020 | ||||
| Regular contact with elderly (>65 years) at work | 0 (0%) | >0.9 | |||||||
| No | 700 (45.7%) | 575 (45.7%) | 125 (45.6%) | - | |||||
| Yes | 833 (54.3%) | 684 (54.3%) | 149 (54.4%) | 1.00 (0.77, 1.30) | >0.9 | ||||
| Regular contact with pregnant women at work | 0 (0%) | 0.051 | |||||||
| No | 1361 (88.8%) | 1127 (89.5%) | 234 (85.4%) | - | |||||
| Yes | 172 (11.2%) | 132 (10.5%) | 40 (14.6%) | 1.46 (0.99, 2.12) | 0.052 | ||||
| Provides direct patient care | 0 (0%) | <0.001 | |||||||
| No | 733 (47.8%) | 627 (49.8%) | 106 (38.7%) | - | |||||
| Yes | 800 (52.2%) | 632 (50.2%) | 168 (61.3%) | 1.57 (1.21, 2.06) | <0.001 | ||||
| Performs respiratory procedures *** | 0 (0%) | 0.071 | |||||||
| No | 919 (59.9%) | 768 (61.0%) | 151 (55.1%) | - | |||||
| Yes | 614 (40.1%) | 491 (39.0%) | 123 (44.9%) | 1.27 (0.98, 1.66) | 0.072 | ||||
| Attitude towards the vaccination | |||||||||
| How informed are you about COVID-19 vaccine? | 0 (0%) | <0.001 | |||||||
| Slightly informed | 84 (5.5%) | 80 (6.4%) | 4 (1.5%) | - | |||||
| Somewhat informed | 197 (12.9%) | 181 (14.4%) | 16 (5.8%) | 1.77 (0.63, 6.32) | 0.3 | ||||
| Well informed | 970 (63.3%) | 790 (62.7%) | 180 (65.7%) | 4.56 (1.87, 15.1) | 0.003 | ||||
| Extremely well informed | 282 (18.4%) | 208 (16.5%) | 74 (27.0%) | 7.12 (2.83, 23.9) | <0.001 | ||||
| COVID-19 vaccination is safe | 0 (0%) | <0.001 | |||||||
| Mostly disagree | 181 (11.8%) | 151 (12.0%) | 30 (10.9%) | - | |||||
| Neutral | 554 (36.1%) | 508 (40.3%) | 46 (16.8%) | 0.46 (0.28, 0.75) | 0.002 | ||||
| Mostly agree | 238 (15.5%) | 210 (16.7%) | 28 (10.2%) | 0.67 (0.38, 1.17) | 0.2 | ||||
| Totally agree | 560 (36.5%) | 390 (31.0%) | 170 (62.0%) | 2.19 (1.44, 3.43) | <0.001 | ||||
| COVID-19 vaccination is effective | 0 (0%) | <0.001 | |||||||
| Not effective | 185 (12.1%) | 182 (14.5%) | 3 (1.1%) | - | - | ||||
| Somewhat effective | 883 (57.6%) | 746 (59.3%) | 137 (50.0%) | 11.1 (4.16, 45.50) | <0.001 | 6.33 (2.29, 26.30) | 0.002 | ||
| Very effective | 465 (30.3%) | 331 (26.3%) | 134 (48.9%) | 24.6 (9.13, 101) | <0.001 | 10.9 (3.88, 45.70) | <0.001 | ||
| Infection prevention behaviors | |||||||||
| Wears a mask indoors | 1 (<0.1%) | 0.3 | |||||||
| Never or rarely | 20 (1.3%) | 18 (1.4%) | 2 (0.7%) | - | |||||
| Episodically | 22 (1.4%) | 21 (1.7%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0.43 (0.02, 4.83) | 0.5 | ||||
| Often | 182 (11.9%) | 153 (12.2%) | 29 (10.6%) | 1.71 (0.46, 11.1) | 0.5 | ||||
| Always | 1308 (85.4%) | 1066 (84.7%) | 242 (88.3%) | 2.04 (0.58, 12.9) | 0.3 | ||||
| Maintains physical distance (>2 m) with others indoor | 3 (0.2%) | 0.040 | |||||||
| Never or rarely | 90 (5.9%) | 81 (6.4%) | 9 (3.3%) | - | |||||
| Episodically | 234 (15.3%) | 202 (16.1%) | 32 (11.7%) | 1.43 (0.68, 3.30) | 0.4 | ||||
| Often | 507 (33.1%) | 410 (32.6%) | 97 (35.4%) | 2.13 (1.09, 4.69) | 0.041 | ||||
| Always | 699 (45.7%) | 563 (44.8%) | 136 (49.6%) | 2.17 (1.12, 4.75) | 0.033 | ||||
| Uses public transport | 0 (0%) | <0.001 | |||||||
| Never | 388 (25.3%) | 288 (22.9%) | 100 (36.5%) | - | |||||
| 1 to 2 times/week | 338 (22.0%) | 278 (22.1%) | 60 (21.9%) | 0.62 (0.43, 0.89) | 0.010 | ||||
| 3 to 5 times/week | 371 (24.2%) | 307 (24.4%) | 64 (23.4%) | 0.60 (0.42, 0.85) | 0.005 | ||||
| >5 times/week | 436 (28.4%) | 386 (30.7%) | 50 (18.2%) | 0.37 (0.26, 0.54) | <0.001 | ||||
| Gathers in groups (>10 people) | 0 (0%) | 0.11 | |||||||
| Never | 854 (55.7%) | 698 (55.4%) | 156 (56.9%) | - | |||||
| 1 to 2 times/week | 490 (32.0%) | 394 (31.3%) | 96 (35.0%) | 1.09 (0.82, 1.44) | 0.5 | ||||
| 3 to 5 times/week | 112 (7.3%) | 99 (7.9%) | 13 (4.7%) | 0.59 (0.31, 1.04) | 0.084 | ||||
| >5 times/week | 77 (5.0%) | 68 (5.4%) | 9 (3.3%) | 0.59 (0.27, 1.15) | 0.2 | ||||
| Receives visitors indoors | 0 (0%) | 0.004 | |||||||
| Never | 139 (9.1%) | 113 (9.0%) | 26 (9.5%) | - | |||||
| Rarely | 1061 (69.2%) | 851 (67.6%) | 210 (76.6%) | 1.07 (0.69, 1.72) | 0.8 | ||||
| Episodically | 231 (15.1%) | 201 (16.0%) | 30 (10.9%) | 0.65 (0.37, 1.16) | 0.14 | ||||
| Often | 102 (6.7%) | 94 (7.5%) | 8 (2.9%) | 0.37 (0.15, 0.82) | 0.020 | ||||
| Visits others indoors | 0 (0%) | 0.011 | |||||||
| Never | 244 (15.9%) | 188 (14.9%) | 56 (20.4%) | - | |||||
| Rarely | 1065 (69.5%) | 872 (69.3%) | 193 (70.4%) | 0.74 (0.53, 1.05) | 0.084 | ||||
| Episodically | 180 (11.7%) | 160 (12.7%) | 20 (7.3%) | 0.42 (0.24, 0.72) | 0.002 | ||||
| Often | 44 (2.9%) | 39 (3.1%) | 5 (1.8%) | 0.43 (0.14, 1.05) | 0.091 | ||||
1 Median (IQR), 2 Wilcoxon rank sum test; Pearson’s Chi-squared test, 3 OR = Odds Ratio, aOR) Adjusted Odds Ratio, CI = Confidence Interval, * Ancillary workers: cleaning and laundry workers, kitchen staff, drivers, security officer; Administrative workers: secretariat, information technology, accounting, etc.; Other health professionals: radiology, laboratory, pharmacy, etc. ** cancer, chronic heart disease, high blood pressure/hypertension, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, chronic lung disease, diabetes, immunocompromised, neurological disease, obesity. *** Collect a respiratory specimen or sputum specimen, administer a nebulizer, apply nasal cannula, oxygen face mask, or mechanical ventilation, perform tracheal intubation, manual ventilation, suction of fluids or secretions, chest physiotherapy, or bedside bronchoscopy.