Table 1.
Mean (± SD) overall and sex-specific sample characteristics of 7522 participants aged 39–79 years old at baseline (1993–1997) in the EPIC-Norfolk cohort.
| All (n = 7522) | Men (n = 3492) | Women (n = 4030) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | ||||
| Age at entry (years) | 58.0 (8.9) | 58.7 (8.9) | 57.4 (8.8) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.0 (3.7) | 26.4 (3.2) | 25.7 (4.1) | <0.001 |
| Legume intake (g/day) | 17.3 (16.3) | 20.0 (18.6) | 14.9 (13.6) | <0.001 |
| Energy intake (kJ/day) | 8505 (2144) | 9770 (2031) | 7409 (1553) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake (g/day) | 12.3 (17.0) | 17.1 (20.8) | 8.1 (11.3) | <0.001 |
| Protein intake (g/day) | 75.3 (17.5) | 84.7 (17.0) | 67.2 (13.4) | <0.001 |
| Sodium intake (mg/day) | 2924 (844) | 3359 (845) | 2546 (636) | <0.001 |
| Fruit and vegetable intake (g/day) | 333 (162) | 320 (158) | 343 (164) | <0.001 |
| Red meat intake (g/day) | 33.2 (26.7) | 39.7 (29.4) | 27.6 (22.7) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 134.5 (17.8) | 136.8 (16.9) | 132.4 (18.3) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 82.2 (11.1) | 84.3 (10.9) | 80.4 (1.0) | <0.001 |
| Townsend Deprivation Index (index) | −2.15 (2.0) | −2.19 (2.1) | −2.12 (2.1) | 0.144 |
| Number (%) | ||||
| Self-reported high blood pressure | 942 (12.5) | 457 (13.1) | 485 (12.0) | 0.173 |
| Smoking status at baseline | <0.001 | |||
| Current smoker | 697 (9.3) | 338 (9.7) | 359 (8.9) | |
| Former smoked | 3166 (42.1) | 1902 (54.5) | 1264 (31.4) | |
| Never smoked | 3659 (48.6) | 1252 (35.8) | 2407 (59.7) | |
| Physical Activity Level at baseline: | <0.001 | |||
| Inactive | 1933 (25.7) | 923 (26.4) | 1010 (25.1) | |
| Moderately inactive | 2199 (29.2) | 884 (25.3) | 1315 (32.6) | |
| Moderately active | 1832 (24.4) | 857 (24.5) | 975 (24.2) | |
| Active | 1558 (20.7) | 828 (23.7) | 730 (18.1) | |
| Education level: | <0.001 | |||
| No education | 2492 (33.1) | 954 (27.3) | 1538 (38.1) | |
| GCSE/O Level | 823 (10.9) | 308 (8.8) | 515 (12.8) | |
| A-Level | 3176 (42.3) | 1670 (47.8) | 1506 (37.4) | |
| Degree or higher | 1031 (13.7) | 560 (16.0) | 471 (11.7) | |
| Social class by occupation: | <0.001 | |||
| Unknown | 52 (0.7) | 25 (0.7) | 27 (0.7) | |
| Professional | 349 (4.6) | 277 (7.9) | 72 (1.8) | |
| Manager | 2504 (33.3) | 1365 (39.1) | 1139 (28.3) | |
| Skilled non-manual | 2058 (27.4) | 432 (12.4) | 1626 (40.3) | |
| Skilled manual | 1109 (14.7) | 856 (24.5) | 253 (6.2) | |
| Semi-skilled | 1127 (14.9) | 459 (13.1) | 668 (16.6) | |
| Non-skilled | 323 (4.3) | 78 (2.2) | 245 (6.1) | |
A-level, Advanced level qualification; EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort; GCSE, General Certificate of Secondary Education; mmHg, millimetres of mercury.