Table 2.
Aldehydes as biomarkers of lung cancer.
| Author/Study | Method | Cancer Stage * | Histologic Type | Substance | Patients/ Controls [n] |
Concentration Ratio Sick/Healthy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fuchs et al. (2010) [35] Breath gas aldehydes as biomarkers of lung cancer |
GC-MS | >T3 | NSCLC | Pentanal Hexanal Octanal Nonanal |
12/24 | 9.5 - 4.7 7.2 |
| Poli et al. (2010) [36] Determination of aldehydes in exhaled breath of patients with lung cancer by means of on-fiber-derivatisation SPME–GC/MS |
GC-MS | Stage 1 & 2 | NSCLC | Butanal Pentanal Hexanal Heptanal Octanal Nonanal |
40/38 | 2.4 2.2 3.7 2.3 2.0 3.6 |
| Baumbach et al. (2011) [39] Significant different volatile biomarker during bronchoscopic ion mobility spectrometry investigation of patients suffering lung carcinoma |
IMS | - | - | Nonanal | 19 | - |
| Ulanowska et al. (2011) [41] The application of statistical methods using VOCs to identify patients with lung cancer |
GC-MS | - | SCLC, NSCLC, Others | Propanal Pentanal Hexanal |
137/143 | 1.1 5.9 4.5 |
| Buszewski et al. (2012) [37] Identification of volatile lung cancer markers by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry: comparison with discrimination by canines |
GC-MS | - | SCLC, NSCLC | Butanal | 29/44 | - |
| Handa et al. (2014) [38] Exhaled Breath Analysis for Lung Cancer Detection Using Ion Mobility Spectrometry |
IMS | ≥Stage 1 | NSCLC | Hexanal | 50/39 | - |
| Heptanal Nonanal | ||||||
| Corradi et al. (2015) [40] Exhaled breath analysis in suspected cases of non-small-cell lung cancer: a cross-sectional study |
GC-MS | ≥Stage 1 | NSCLC | Heptanal | 71/67 | 1.3 |
| Schallschmidt et al. (2016) [49] Comparison of volatile organic compounds from lung cancer patients and healthy controls—challenges and limitations of an observational study |
GC-MS | ≥Stage 1 | - | Propanal Butanal Pentanal Hexanal Decanal |
37/23 | 3.3 2.0 1.5 1.1 2.7 |
| Wang et al. (2022) [42] Identification of lung cancer breath biomarkers based on perioperative breathomics testing: A prospective observational study |
TOF-MS | - | SCLC, NSCLC | Pentanal Hexanal Heptanal Octanal Nonanal Decanal |
157/368 | - |
Concentration ratios are missing for reports that did not provide mean or median concentrations. * Classification according to American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM system. Abbreviations: GC-MS, Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. IMS, Ion Mobility Spectrometry. TOF-MS, Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. NSCLC, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. SCLC, Small Cell Lung Cancer.