Table 3.
Aldehydes as biomarkers of inflammatory/infectious lung diseases and mechanical lung injury.
| Author/Study | Method | Substance | Patients/ Controls [n] |
Concentration Ratio Sick/Healthy |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Corradi et al. (2003) [57] Aldehydes in exhaled breath condensate of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
LC-MS | Hexanal Heptanal |
20/32 | 3.6 1.9 |
| Ruszkiewicz et al. (2019) [60] Diagnosis of COVID-19 by analysis of breath with gas chromatography- ion mobility spectrometry—a feasibility study |
SIFT-MS | Ethanal Heptanal Octanal |
27/63 | - |
| Berna et al. (2021) [63] Reproducible breath metabolite changes in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection |
TOF-MS | Heptanal Octanal Nonanal |
15/10 12/12 |
- |
| Grassin-Delyle et al. (2021) [64] Metabolomics of exhaled breath in critically ill COVID-19 patients: A pilot study |
TOF-MS | Nonanal | 28/12 | - |
| Müller-Wirtz et al. (2021) [18] Volutrauma Increases Exhaled Pentanal in Rats: A Potential Breath Biomarker for Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury |
MCC-IMS | Pentanal | 150 # | - * |
| Müller-Wirtz et al. (2021) [75] Differential Response of Pentanal and Hexanal Exhalation to Supplemental Oxygen and Mechanical Ventilation in Rats |
MCC-IMS | Pentanal Hexanal |
30 # | - * |
| Müller-Wirtz et al. (2021) [4] Quantification of Volatile Aldehydes Deriving from In Vitro Lipid Peroxidation in the Breath of Ventilated Patients |
MCC-IMS | Pentanal | 12 | - |
Concentration ratios are missing for reports that did not provide mean or median concentrations. * Observation of increasing aldehyde exhalation over time under continuous monitoring. # Total number of analyzed animals. Abbreviations: LC-MS, Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. SIFT-MS, Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. TOF-MS, Time-of-flight mass spectrometry. MCC-IMS, Multi-Capillary Column—Ion Mobility Spectrometry.