Table 3.

Alterations in the male reproductive system caused by ZnO NPs.

Administration/Dose/Species/Size of NPs	Changes	References
Per os 100, 200 mg/kg/day; 7, 14 days Albino mice not specified	- Reduced weight of testes and epididymides - Increased weight of the prostate and seminal vesicles - Increased percentage of damaged sperm	Radhi et al., 2019 [53]
Per os 5, 50, 300 mg/kg/day; 35 days NMRI mice not specified	-50 and 300 mg/kg caused histopathological changes—sloughing of immature germ cells and vacuolization of the seminiferous epithelium	Talebi et al., 2013 [58]
In vitro 6–391 mg/mL; 0–3 h New Zealand rabbits <100 nm	-Higher concentrations—negative impact on cell membrane integrity -Reduced viability, motility, and progressive motility	Halo Jr. et al., 2021 [61]
in vitro 10–200 µg/mL; 2 weeks (cryopreservation) Human Not specified	- Lower sperm chromatin damage - Decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level	Isaac et al., 2017 [59]