| ANOVA | Analysis of variance |
| ASM | Airway smooth muscle |
| BI | Bliss independence |
| CI | Combination index |
| COPD | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| ΔE | Delta effect |
| DRI | Dose reduction index |
| EC50-70 | Submaximal effective concentration size between 50% and 70% of the maximum concentration |
| FOR | Formoterol fumarate dihydrate |
| IND | Indacaterol maleate |
| LABA | Long-acting β2-agonist |
| LAMA | Long-acting muscarinic antagonist |
| pEC50 | Negative logarithm of the half maximal effective concentration |
| SEM | Standard error of the mean |
| TIO | Tiotropium bromide monohydrate |
| UT | Unified theory |
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