Table 2.
Summary of information on selected modified filaments.
| Material | Methodology | Result |
|---|---|---|
| PLA with the addition of almond peel powder [101] | Shear resistance using cancellous screw | Shear strength at peak (23.02 MPa) Maximum shear strength at break (22.90 MPa) for the honeycomb infill pattern at 100% screw insertion and 30° rake angle |
| PLA with polypropylene [102] | Overwhelmed physical interlocking and minimum chemical grafting | High structural stability (mechanical and intermolecular) to thermal degradation, compared to pure PLA |
| PLA with silicon nanocomposite (clay nanocomposite) [103] | Changing the printing temperature, verifying sample transparency | Increase in thermal stability and modulus of elasticity The samples become more transparent as the printing temperature increases |
| PLA with silica (silica-silicon dioxide SiO2) [104] | Addition of 10% of silica by weight | Increase in tensile strength up to 121 MPa |
| PLA with flax fibers [105] | Adding flax, testing the porosity of the fiber | Material gaps and weakening of material bonds |
| PLA with wood [107] | Examination of microstructure and mechanical properties Shape changes under the influence of climatic conditions [106] |
Optimum printing temperature—220 °C The higher the wood content, the greater the observed shape change |
| PLA with mango extract [109] | Examination of bioactive properties | 3D printing polymers can be made bioactive directly using natural extracts |
| PLA with methotrexate [110] | Examination of the release time of the drug | Print releases the active substance at the site of implantation for more than 30 days |
| PLA with PCL polycaprolactone and HA hydroxyapatite [111] | Strength test depending on the hydroxyapatite content Assessment of cytotoxicity and biocompatibility |
Compressive strength 82.72 MPa, tensile strength 52.05 MPa with a hydroxyapatite content of 15% Cells are viable and can increase on frames, the most favorable weight ratio of PLA/PCL—70/30 |
| PLA with TPU and an antibiotic [115] | Mechanical, structural, microscopic, and degradation analysis | TPU/PLA ratio—12:1 The antibiotic—amikacin is stable during extrusion at elevated temperatures |
| PLA with TPU [116] | Sterilization test | Possibility of using PLA with TPU for personal protective equipment—the ability to re-sterilize |
| PLA with TPU and graphene oxide GO [118] | Influence of graphene oxide on mechanical and biocompatible properties of prints | The addition of GO improves the mechanical properties by 167% for the compression modulus and 75.5% for the tensile modulus PLA/GO frames are biocompatible; they promote cell proliferation and mineralization |