. 2022 Aug 11;14(16):3285. doi: 10.3390/nu14163285

Table 6.

Awareness of dietary behaviors that increase the risk for diet-related diseases (n = 1070).

Factors Associated with Awareness of Dietary Behaviors That Increase the Risk for Diet–Related Diseases

Variable

Excessive Caloric Intake

Excessive Consumption of Sugar and Salt

Excessive Consumption of Saturated Fatty Acids and Trans Isomers

Simple Logistic Regression

Multivariable Logistic Regression

Simple Logistic Regression

Multivariable Logistic Regression

Simple Logistic Regression

Multivariable Logistic Regression

OR (95%CI)

Gender

Female

<0.001

1.58 (1.24–2.01)

<0.001

1.57 (1.22–2.01)

<0.001

1.61 (1.23–2.12)

0.002

1.55 (1.17–2.05)

0.02

1.35 (1.06–1.71)

0.05

1.28 (0.99–1.64)

Male

Reference

Age (years)

18–34

0.7

0.94 (0.64–1.37)

Reference

35–49

0.7

0.92 (0.62–1.35)

0.9

0.98 (0.70–1.39)

0.07

1.34 (0.98–1.83)

0.2

1.27 (0.92–1.75)

50–64

0.6

1.12 (0.76–1.66)

0.06

1.41 (0.98–2.03)

0.01

1.54 (1.12–2.11)

0.06

1.38 (0.98–1.93)

65+

Reference

0.1

1.43 (0.92–2.23)

0.1

1.38 (0.94–2.01)

0.4

1.18 (0.79–1.78)

Having higher education

Yes

<0.001

1.90 (1.49–2.43)

<0.001

1.94 (1.51–2.50)

<0.001

1.67 (1.26–2.21)

<0.001

1.67 (1.25–2.23)

<0.001

1.76 (1.38–2.25)

<0.001

1.81 (1.41–2.33)

Reference

Ever married

Yes

0.8

0.96 (0.75–1.23)

0.2

1.19 (0.90–1.57)

0.9

1.01 (0.79–1.29)

Reference

Having children

Yes

0.6

1.06 (0.83–1.36)

0.04

1.34 (1.01–1.76)

0.3

1.15 (0.87–1.54)

0.5

1.09 (0.85–1.40)

Reference

Number of household members

Living alone

0.7

1.07 (0.75–1.51)

0.2

0.80 (0.55–1.17)

0.2

1.25 (0.88–1.78)

2 or more

Reference

Place of residence

Rural

Reference

City below 20,000 residents

0.6

0.89 (0.60–1.33)

0.5

0.86 (0.57–1.29)

0.3

1.24 (0.79–1.94)

0.4

1.21 (0.76–1.90)

0.4

0.86 (0.58–1.27)

City from 20,000 to 99,999 residents

0.8

1.05 (0.75–1.46)

0.5

0.88 (0.62–1.24)

0.3

1.21 (0.83–1.75)

0.9

1.04 (0.71–1.52)

0.3

1.21 (0.86–1.69)

City from 100,000 to 499,999 residents

0.1

1.30 (0.92–1.84)

0.3

1.20 (0.84–1.71)

0.3

1.25 (0.85–1.84)

0.5

1.15 (0.77–1.71)

0.1

1.34 (0.94–1.89)

City above 500,000 residents

0.008

1.70 (1.15–2.50)

0.1

1.37 (0.92–2.05)

0.02

1.72 (1.09–2.73)

0.1

1.43 (0.89–2.29)

0.4

1.20 (0.81–1.76)

Occupational status

Active

0.9

1.02 (0.80–1.30)

0.5

1.09 (0.83–1.44)

0.3

1.14 (0.89–1.46)

Passive

Reference

Self-reported financial status

Rather good, good or very good

0.3

1.20 (0.87–1.66)

0.9

1.03 (0.72–1.49)

0.3

1.20 (0.87–1.66)

Moderate/difficult to tell

0.7

1.07 (0.78–1.48)

0.9

1.01 (0.70–1.45)

0.2

1.22 (0.88–1.68)

Rather bad, bad or very good

Reference

Presence of chronic diseases

Yes

<0.001

1.76 (1.38–2.25)

<0.001

1.79 (1.39–2.31)

<0.001

1.82 (1.37–2.41)

<0.001

1.77 (1.33–2.37)

0.003

1.45 (1.14–1.85)

0.003

1.55 (1.16–2.06)

Reference

Self-reported health status

Rather good, good or very good

0.9

1.00 (0.65–1.55)

0.5

0.85 (0.51–1.43)

0.09

1.46 (0.94–2.27)

0.01

1.84 (1.13–2.99)

Moderate/difficult to tell

0.8

0.94 (0.61–1.45)

0.3

0.76 (0.46–1.27)

0.03

1.65 (1.06–2.56)

0.01

1.81 (1.14–2.87)

Rather bad, bad or very good

Reference

Variable

Too Little Dietary Fiber Intake

Too Little Vitamin Intake

Too Little Consumption of Vegetables and Fruits

Simple Logistic Regression

Multivariable
Logistic Regression

Simple Logistic Regression

Multivariable
Logistic
Regression

Simple Logistic Regression

Multivariable
Logistic Regression

OR (95%CI)

Gender

Female

0.01

1.38 (1.07–1.76)

0.01

1.38 (1.07–1.78)

0.07

1.25 (0.98–1.59)

0.01

1.39 (1.09–1.78)

0.02

1.38 (1.05–1.79)

Male

Reference

Age (years)

18–34

Reference

0.03

1.54 (1.05–2.26)

0.1

1.41 (0.91–2.19)

Reference

35–49

0.5

1.13 (0.82–1.57)

0.6

1.09 (0.79–1.52)

0.3

1.25 (0.84–1.85)

0.2

1.22 (0.80–1.84)

0.08

1.33 (0.97–1.83)

0.2

1.28 (0.90–1.82)

50–64

0.2

1.22 (0.88–1.69)

0.6

1.11 (0.79–1.56)

0.5

0.87 (0.59–1.30)

0.7

0.90 (0.60–1.35)

0.001

1.71 (1.23–2.38)

0.07

1.43 (0.98–2.10)

65+

0.03

1.55 (1.05–2.27)

0.2

1.35 (0.90–2.03)

Reference

<0.001

2.08 (1.38–3.12)

0.03

1.68 (1.05–2.69)

Having higher education

Yes

<0.001

1.75 (1.37–2.25)

<0.001

1.78 (1.38–2.29)

<0.001

1.66 (1.30–2.12)

<0.001

1.54 (1.20–1.99)

0.005

1.44 (1.12–1.85)

0.02

1.36 (1.04–1.78)

Reference

Ever married

Yes

0.3

0.88 (0.69–1.14)

0.003

Reference

0.1

Reference

0.3

1.16 (0.90–1.50)

Reference

1.45 (1.13–1.86)

1.24 (0.93–1.66)

Reference

Having children

Yes

0.2

1.18 (0.91–1.53)

0.2

0.84 (0.65–1.08)

0.007

1.42 (1.10–1.83)

0.7

1.07 (0.79–1.44)

Reference

Number of household members

Living alone

0.6

0.91 (0.64–1.31)

0.1

Reference

0.6

1.10 (0.77–1.58)

2 or more

Reference

1.30 (0.91–1.85)

Reference

Place of residence

Rural

Reference

City below 20,000 residents

0.3

0.81 (0.53–1.23)

0.7

0.93 (0.62–1.39)

0.7

0.93 (0.62–1.40)

0.6

1.11 (0.74–1.67)

0.6

1.10 (0.73–1.67)

City from 20,000 to 99,999 residents

0.2

1.26 (0.90–1.78)

0.06

1.38 (0.99–1.93)

0.05

1.41 (1.00–1.99)

0.02

1.50 (1.06–2.13)

0.2

1.29 (0.90–1.85)

City from 100,000 to 499,999 residents

0.7

1.06 (0.74–1.52)

0.1

1.32 (0.93–1.86)

0.2

1.30 (0.91–1.85)

0.03

1.49 (1.04–2.14)

0.08

1.39 (0.96–2.01)

City above 500,000 residents

0.1

1.37 (0.93–2.02)

0.006

1.71 (1.16–2.51)

0.02

1.63 (1.09–2.44)

0.08

1.43 (0.96–2.12)

0.4

1.20 (0.80–1.82)

Occupational status

Active

0.8

1.03 (0.80–1.33)

0.05

1.28 (0.99–1.64)

0.1

0.82 (0.63–1.06)

Passive

Reference

Self-reported financial status

Rather good, good or very good

0.4

1.17 (0.84–1.63)

0.3

1.19 (0.86–1.64)

0.04

1.40 (1.01–1.95)

0.01

1.56 (1.10–2.20)

Moderate/difficult to tell

0.5

1.13 (0.81–1.57)

0.2

1.24 (0.90–1.71)

0.03

1.45 (1.04–2.01)

0.01

1.55 (1.10–2.17)

Rather bad, bad or very good

Reference

Presence of chronic diseases

Yes

0.005

1.43 (1.11–1.83)

0.02

1.37 (1.05–1.79)

0.6

1.06 (0.84–1.35)

<0.001

1.70 (1.32–2.19)

0.002

1.56 (1.18–2.06)

Reference

Self-reported health status

Rather good, good or very good

0.8

1.07 (0.68–1.67)

0.03

1.65 (1.05–2.58)

0.09

1.49 (0.94–2.37)

0.6

1.14 (0.72–1.80)

Moderate/difficult to tell

0.8

0.95 (0.60–1.48)

0.4

1.23 (0.79–1.93)

0.3

1.25 (0.79–1.98)

0.4

0.82 (0.53–1.30)

Rather bad, bad or very good

Reference

Variable

Too Little Intake of Calcium and Magnesium

Too Little Consumption of Fish and Oils

Simple Logistic Regression

Multivariable Logistic Regression

Simple Logistic Regression

Multivariable Logistic Regression

OR (95%CI)

Gender

Female

0.3

1.15 (0.90–1.47)

0.01

1.36 (1.07–1.74)

0.02

1.36 (1.06–1.74)

Male

Reference

Age (years)

18–34

0.9

1.02 (0.69–1.49)

Reference

35–49

0.6

0.91 (0.61–1.35)

0.03

1.44 (1.05–1.98)

0.04

1.41 (1.02–1.95)

50–64

0.6

0.91 (0.61–1.35)

0.02

1.47 (1.07–2.02)

0.2

1.25 (0.89–1.75)

65+

Reference

0.004

1.76 (1.20–2.58)

0.07

1.47 (0.98–2.20)

Having higher education

Yes

0.004

1.43 (1.12–1.83)

0.004

1.43 (1.12–1.83)

0.004

1.44 (1.13–1.84)

0.007

1.42 (1.10–1.82)

Reference

Ever married

Yes

0.5

0.91 (0.71–1.17)

0.5

1.08 (0.84–1.39)

Reference

Having children

Yes

0.6

0.94 (0.73–1.21)

0.06

1.27 (0.99–1.63)

Reference

Number of household members

Living alone

0.1

0.75 (0.52–1.08)

0.7

0.93 (0.66–1.33)

2 or more

Reference

Place of residence

Rural

Reference

City below 20,000 residents

0.3

0.79 (0.52–1.20)

0.6

0.90 (0.60–1.36)

0.6

0.88 (0.58–1.34)

City from 20,000 to 99,999 residents

0.2

1.23 (0.88–1.72)

0.06

1.39 (0.99–1.95)

0.2

1.23 (0.87–1.74)

City from 100,000 to 499,999 residents

0.4

1.15 (0.81–1.64)

0.04

1.44 (1.02–2.05)

0.08

1.37 (0.96–1.95)

City above 500,000 residents

0.2

1.30 (0.88–1.91)

0.1

1.36 (0.92–2.00)

0.4

1.17 (0.79–1.74)

Occupational status

Active

0.06

1.28 (0.99–1.65)

0.5

0.91 (0.71–1.17)

Passive

Reference

Self-reported financial status

Rather good, good or very good

0.2

1.26 (0.90–1.75)

0.3

0.84 (0.61–1.17)

Moderate/difficult to tell

0.3

1.17 (0.84–1.63)

0.8

0.96 (0.70–1.33)

Rather bad, bad or very good

Reference

Presence of chronic diseases

Yes

0.1

1.22 (0.96–1.56)

<0.001

1.59 (1.24–2.03)

0.004

1.48 (1.14–1.93)

Reference

Self-reported health status

Rather good, good or very good

0.3

1.27 (0.81–2.01)

0.3

1.30 (0.83–2.04)

Moderate/difficult to tell

0.3

1.27 (0.81–2.00)

0.4

1.22 (0.78–1.91)

Rather bad, bad or very good

Reference