Table 1.

List of nanoparticle type, anticancer drugs, polymers used, cell lines used, and application of different nanoparticles for the treatment of stomach cancer as novel drug delivery systems.

Type of Nanoparticles	Drug	Polymers/ Capping/ Reducing Agents	Cell Line/ Animal Model	Application	Ref.
Polymeric nanoparticles	Irinotecan and 5-fluorouracil	polyethylene glycol and polylactide- coglycolide	NCI-N87 and SGC- 7901 (human gastric cancer cell lines)	To establish synergistic chemotherapy followed by reducing the chemotherapeutic agent related side effects	[85]
Polymeric nanoparticles	Docetaxel and LY294002	Polylactic- coglycolic acid	MKN45 (human gastric cancer cell line)/ tumor-bearing Balb/c nude mice	To enhance the anticancer efficacy of docetaxel by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT pathway using LY294002	[86]
Polymeric nanoparticles	5-Fluorouracil and paclitaxel	Polylactic- coglycolic acid	NCI-N-87 and AGS (human gastric cancer cell line)	To achieve tumor targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents using anti-sLeA monoclonal antibody as a targeting moiety for improved gastric cancer efficacy	[87]
Metallic nanoparticles	Zinc oxide nanoparticles	Aqueous leaf extract of Morus nigra	AGS (human gastric cancer cell line)	To achieve anti-gastric cancer effects	[88]
Metallic nanoparticles	Gold nanoparticles	Nigella sativa (black cumin) seed extract and membrane vesicles of a Curtobacterium proimmune K3 (probiotic)	AGS (human gastric cancer cell line), RAW264.7 and HaCaT (normal healthy cell line)	To improve the gastric cancer therapy and to overcome the biocompatibility issues associated with chemically synthesized gold nanoparticles	[89]
Metallic nanoparticles	Nickel oxide nanoparticles	Glutamic acid and thiosemicarbazide	AGS (human gastric cancer cell line)	A novel therapeutic modality for gastric cancer	[90]
Metal- polymer composite nanoparticles	Doxorubicin, XMD8-92 (chemosensitizing agent), and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles	Poly(ethylene glycol)-blocked- poly(L-leucine)	Gastric cancer-bearing balb/c nude mice (SGC-7901)	To achieve synergistic anti-gastric cancer activity by down- regulating P-gp in gastric cancer cells	[91]
Metal-polymer composite nanoparticles	Copper oxide nanoparticles and magnetite nanoparticles	Chitosan	MKN45, AGS, and KATO III (human gastric cancer cell line)	Synergistically suppress the gastric tumors via two metallic nanoparticles	[92]
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles	Resveratrol and anti-miR oligonucleotide	Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and hyaluronic acid	Gastric cancer induced male balb/c nude mice (BGC823)	To enhance the anticancer efficacy of resveratrol by inhibiting the microRNAs-21, which is responsible for cancer cell proliferation	[93]
Calcium carbonate nanoparticles	Cisplatin and oleanolic acid	Cancer cell membrane and calcium carbonate	Gastric cancer bearing male balb/c nude mice (MGC-803)	To overcome chemoresistance to cisplatin in gastric cancer	[94]