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. 2022 Aug 15;14(16):3338. doi: 10.3390/nu14163338

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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TMAO increased the ROS level and inflammatory factors by inhibiting AMPK levels in VSMCs and HUVECs. (A,B) The total ROS levels were determined after 1000 μM TMAO, 5 mM AICAR and 1000 μM TMAO plus 5 mM AICAR treatment for 24 h using fluorescence intensity of DCFH-DA staining by flow cytometry in VSMCs (A) and HUVECs (B).(C,D) The protein level (upper panels) and relative mRNA level (lower panels) of TNFα,IL-1β and MMP9 were detected by western blot and real-time PCR in VSMCs (C) and HUVECs (D). Values are the mean ± SD; n = 3; two-way ANOVA followed by a Tukey post hoc test. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01 vs. Control; # p < 0.05; ## p < 0.01 vs. TMAO group; + p < 0.05; ++ p < 0.01 vs. the AICAR group.