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. 2022 Jul 30;7(8):157. doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed7080157

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Overlapping of acute COVID-19 and postacute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS) and tuberculosis (TB) in the helminth coinfection setting in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) population. (1) Helminth coinfection inhibits inflammation and amplifies pulmonary fibrosis (PF) processes; (2–4) helminth coinfection inhibits COVID-19 lung inflammation and decreases mortality; (5–8) infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and PF due to past or active TB limit resistance to COVID-19 and increase mortality; (9–11) PACS, amplified by helminth infection, increases morbidity and mortality; (12–15) the overlapping of PF due to past or active TB with PF due to PACS, amplified by helminth infection, increases morbidity and mortality.