Table 2.
The comparative analysis of presented results with published works.
| Catalysts | Weight | Light Source | Dye Concentrati on | Time (min) | Dye Removal (%) | Method | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TiO2@Bi2O3 | 35 mg | Sun light | 2 mg of catalyst (50 mL of dye solution) | 250 | 94% | Green synthesis | [39] | |
| TiO2 NPs |
100 mg | UV irradiation |
100 mL MB | 120 | 92% | Chemical and green synthesis methods |
[40] | |
| TiOSO4 | 0.1 g | UV irradiation |
20 ppm MO | 150 | 94% | Sol-gel method | [41] | |
| MnTiO3 | 5 mg | Sun light | MB 1 × 10−5 M |
250 | 75% | Sol-gel | [42] | |
| Fe2TiO5 | 50 mg | Sunlight | MB 10 mg L−1 |
250 | 97% | Sol-gel | [43] | |
| porous TiO2 ceramic s |
eighty pieces (20 mg each piece) | UV light | RhB 10 mg L−1 | 300 min | 99.3% | camphene-based freeze-casting process | [44] | |
| macro/mesop orous anatase TiO2 ceramic | eighty pieces (20 mg each piece) | UV light | RhB 10 mg mL−1 | 180 | 99.4% | a camphene-based freeze-casting process | [45] | |
| Fe–N- codoped TiO2/fly ashecnospheres |
0.2 g | Sun light | RhB mg L−1 | 4 h | 89% | Sol-gel method | [46] | |
| hollow TiO2/fly ashecnospheres | 1.5 g | Sun light | MB 30 mg L−1 |
9 h | 0.0922 (min−1) |
Sol-gel | [47] | |
| Ag+-doped TiO2/ploystyrene | 0.05 g | Sun light | MB 5 mg L−1 |
5 h | 83% | Impregnation and strewing based on a simple solvent-cast method | [48] | |
| TiO2/polyuret hane foam | forty pieces | Sun light | MB + CrVI 1 0 mg L−1 | 150 | 90% | a low-temperature ultrasonic and deposition approach | [49] | |
| TiO2/low density polyethylene | 1 g | Sun light | MB 0.16 mmol L−1 |
225 | 30% | [50] | ||
| C,N- TiO2/polytetrafluoroethylene |
1 gL−2 | Visible light | MO 20 mg L−1 |
4 h | 96.9% | y a simple high-energy ball-milling process | [51] | |
| B–N– TiO2/expanded perlite |
(6 mg/g, 24 wt% TiO2 | Solar light | RhB | 5 h | 99.1% | Sol-gel | [52] | |
| W doped ZnO | 20 mg | UV light | MB | 3 h | 96.9% | Low temperature aqueous chemical growth method | [53] | |
| TiO2- graphene |
0.2 g | UV light | RhB 0.02 mM | 2–4 h | 95% | Sol-gel | [54] | |
| TiO2/polypro pylene | 15– 20 mg |
UV light | MO 15 mg L−1 |
4 h | 65% | Low temperature Hydrothermal method | [55] | |
| TiO2/polypro pylene fabric | a piece (d = 47 mm) | UV light | MO 15 mg L−1 |
240 | 100% | Hydrothermal Process | [56] | |
| BC-TiO2 | --------- | UV light | MB 10 mg/L |
180 | 90% | Low temperature Pyrolysis | [57] | |
| TiO2/AC | 10 g | Sun light | 25 mg dm−3 | 90 | 98.1% | in situ immobilization process | [58] | |
| TiO2/CRFs | 10 mg | Solar light | 10 mg L−1 | 80 | 98.1% | Impregnation and Calcination method | [59] | |
| TiO2 | Ficus | 2 mg | Solar Light | 5 × 10−5 M (MB) | 330 | 98.82% | Simple Hydrothermal Process | Present Work |
| carica leave extract | ||||||||