(A) Cish or (B) IL-6 levels following exposure of primary bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) from wild-type, MAVS−/−, cGAS−/−, MyD88−/− or TLR4-deficient mice to non-IBD, Ulcerative Colitis (UC) or Crohn’s disease (CD) colon resection-derived VLPs as measured by qPCR and ELISA. (C) IL-10 or (D) IL-6 production 24h following transfection of THP1 cells with 2.5 μg of VLP RNA or VLP RNA pre-treated with RNase I (5 μg/mL, 1h), RNase III (5 μg/mL, 1h) or Calf Intestinal Phosphatase (CIP, 250U, 1h). (E) Cish levels or (F) IL-6 production 24h following transfection of WT or cGAS−/− BMDMs with 2.5 μg of VLP DNA as measured by qPCR or ELISA. Data are mean ± s.e.m. of 2-5 biological replicates repeated twice. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001 as determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test.