Fig. 3. Copper nanostructures (CuNSs) obtained under the following conditions: (a–c) substrate electrode – ITO; electrolyte – 0.5 M H₂SO₄; substrate potential vs. Ag|AgCl: −0.2 V; microelectrode translation rates – 50 μm s⁻¹ (a), 100 μm s⁻¹ (b), and 200 μm s⁻¹ (c). (d–f) Substrate electrode – ITO; substrate potential vs. Ag|AgCl: −0.6 V; microelectrode translation rate – 50 μm s⁻¹; electrolytes – 0.5 M H₂SO₄ (d), 0.5 M H₂SO₄ + 0.1 M KCl (e), and 1 M KCl + 10 mM HCl (f). (g–i) Substrate electrode – glassy carbon; electrolyte – 1 M KCl + 10 mM HCl; microelectrode translation rate – 50 μm s⁻¹; substrate potentials vs. Ag|AgCl: −0.3 V (g), −0.5 V (h), and −0.9 V (i).