Examples of electrochemical biosensors based on enzymes and inorganic NMsa.
| Sensitive element | Analyte | Method of detection | LOD | Real sample | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acetylcholine esterase/ZnO/SPE | Paraoxon | CA | 0.035 ppm | N/D | 32 |
| Acetylcholine esterase/Fe3O4NP/CNT/ITO | Malathion, chlorpyrifos, monocrotophos, endosulfan | CV | 0.1 nM | Cabbage, onions, spinach, soil | 33 |
| Cholesterol esterase/cholesterol oxidase/quantum dots CdS/chitosan | Cholesterol and cholesterol esters | CV | 0.47 mM | N/D | 34 |
| Glucose oxidase/CNT/PtNP/GCE | Glucose | CA | 6 μM | N/D | 35 |
| Glucose oxidase/PdNP/CNT | Glucose | CV | 150 μM | N/D | 36 |
| Glutamate oxidase/CNT/AuNP/AuE | Glutamate | CA | 1.6 μM | Human blood serum | 37 |
| Horseradish peroxidase/TiO2NT | Hydrogen peroxide | CA | 0.1 μM | N/D | 38 |
| Horseradish peroxidase/TiO2NT | Hydrogen peroxide | Detection of photocurrent | 0.7 nM | N/D | 39 |
| Laccase/AuNP/AuE | Formetanate | SWV | 0.095 μM | Mango, grapes | 40 |
| Lactate oxidase/AgNP | Lactate | CA | 1 mM | N/D | 41 |
| Tyrosinase/graphene/PtNP/GCE | Chlorpyrifos, profenofos, malathion | CA | 0.2 ppb, 0.8 ppb, 3 ppb | N/D | 42 |
| Tyrosinase/quantum dots CdS/chitosan | Phenol compounds | CA | 0.3 nM | Water | 43 |
a
AuE – gold electrode; CA – chronoamperometry; CNT – carbon nanotubes; CV – cyclic voltammetry; GCE – glassy carbon electrode; ITO – indium tin oxide; N/D – no data; NP – nanoparticle; NT – nanotube; SPE – screen-printed electrode; SWV – square wave voltammetry.