Fig. 4. The antialgal activity of bare, GLYMO or 4-HPBA–GLYMO-functionalized CuONPs at various concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 μg mL⁻¹) on C. reinhardtii. The C. reinhardtii was incubated with the nanoparticles at 10 min, 1 hour and 2 hours of exposure times in dark conditions, under visible and UV light. Statistical analysis of these data is enclosed in Table S1 (ESI†).